The Norwegian forms of Lithothamnion

4...

The Norwegian Poems of Lithothamnion

By

M. Foslie.

- With 23 Plates.

(Reprinted from Det kgl. norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter 1894).
Ke

Trondhjem.
Aktietrykkeriet.
1895,

The Norwegian Forms of Lithothamnion.

By
M. E'oslie.

(With 23 Plates).

The following account is intended to comprise all the species
of the algal genus Lathothammon (including Lithophyllum) at
present known to occur on the coast of Norway. It is founded
on a considerable number of specimens (more thousand), most of
which I have gathered myself in different tracts especially along
the northern part of the coast. However, of some of the species
I have seen only a few, or even but a solitary specimen. The
most northern part of the coast is in this respect tolerably well
known, except Lofoten and Vesteraalen in Nordland’s Amt and the
greater part of Tromso Amt. The Christiania- and the Trondhjem
Fjord also is rather well known. But the other parts and especially
the very long western and south-western stretch of coast from Hite-
ren or Christiansund N. to Lindesnes and eastward off Christiania
is very littie searched and long stretches quite unknown. There-
fore, still much remains to be done, not only in regard to the
Lithothamnia, but the marine alge in all.

The limits between the species are as a rule not easily drawn,
and often still more difficult without a greater number of specimens
from different tracts for comparison. A form may appear rather
Well marked in one locality, but in another transitions to other
forms may be rather common, and one and the same species often

2

varying between wide limits, approaching not only nearly allied
species, but even species which in their typical development are
quite different. This may, not seldom, depend partly on local
relations, partly and more frequently caused by attack of animals,
as saxicavous sponges, or worms and especially boring-muscles,
destroying particularly the lower or inner parts, or numerous other
animals fastened to or living on the plant. The consequence of
it is often an alteration in the development of the individuals in
their struggle for existence by a tendency to overlap the animals,
or other external objects, and thereby assuming much varying
forms.!) Individuals attacked by boring-muscles may occasionally
be quite destroyed thereby, that their growth has not been able
to keep pace with the destructive work of the muscles. J have
seen numerous individuals, especially densely branched ones lying
loose on the bottom, in their inner parts so filled with boring-
muscles, that only a thin peripherical portion has been left, forming
what may be called a common testa around the colony of muscles.
Together with these muscles is also to be found numerous per-
forated and broken pieces or branches of the plant. By a feeble
pressure, a push, or by the continued labour of the muscles the
remaining peripherical portion gets broken, and the whole plant
collapses. In specimens more attacked towards the one than the
other side an opening often is produced, through which other not
perforating muscles and other animals push their way into the
plant. However, such specimens apparently seldom get quite
destroyed, as the other parts of the plant becomes more vigorously
developed, but, on the contrary, they sometimes assume peculiar
forms much differing from the typical ones. Most of the specimens
that I have examined have, moreover, been infested with numerous
perforating alge, which in general rather destroy chiefly the lower
layers of tissue. Growing in shallow water, from or a little below
extreme low-water mark to a depth of about 2—3 fathom, in
narrow sounds with somewhat strong currents, or else in places

1) In one locality especially I met with numerous killed or dying muscles
(Mytilus modiolus) caused thereby, that the Lithothamnia encompass the
shells. Cp. Contrib. II, p. 3, and Alg. og Musl. p. 17.

3

with rather rapid tides densely branched and typically developed
globular or hemispherical individuals, especially of the larger forms,
very often assume a more depressed shape; and the apex of the
branches become truncate or assume disc-shaped, not seldom con-
fluent or nearly confluent and even crustlike expansions, while the
part turning towards the bottom bears branches of another and
apparently typical shape. On the other hand, in more sparsely
branched individuals living in sounds with rapid tides, the apex
of most of the branches are often denudated or biten off. This I
have not seen on greater depths than about 5 fathom, although
in certain localities it probably also takes place farther down.

It appears not to be excluded, that hybrids arise from some
of the species growing together in banks. The Lithothamnia ge-
nerally grow gregarious in great masses, sometimes and most
often only one or two species, sometimes more, together. I have
seen widely extended banks, once even as far as about 3 kilometer
in length, composed of millions of individuals of up to four or
five species, not only of the smaller forms, but large ones up to
nearly 2 feet in diameter. It has, however, not been possible in
this varying group of species to decide with any degree of cer-
tainty, whether hybrid forms really occur. I certainly possess spe-
cimens which, in my opinion, probably are hybrids, but these I
do not quote here, as on closer examination I did not arrive at
any satisfactory result. However, a solitary one is mentioned
under L. fruticulosum f. flexuosa.

Specimens of more species are frequently to be found fastened
to one and the same substratum, growing together, covering each
other, or one fastened to and growing over the other. Branched
individuals growing together not unfrequently continue their growth
together even being loosened from the substratum, and without
any defined limit, not seldom looking as a solitary individual.

The greatest difficulty in regard to the identifying especially
of many of the branched Lithothamnia consists, however, therein,
that proportionally very few specimens of these are to be found
with reproductive organs. In some species the very greatest number
of the specimens gathered in summer have been sterile, only now

4

and then a specimen richly provided with the named organs, and
all the other ones from the same place and time quite sterile.
Specimens collected in autumn, winter and spring have now and
then been fertile, but still the greater number sterile. Thus the
development of the reproductive organs, at least in some of the
species, with us probably takes place nearly all the year, but in
proportion to the number of individuals always in apparently few
of them. Only a couple of species are more commonly to be
found fertile in summer. I have examined hundreds of specimens
of other species from different localities and at different seasons,
but only met with a couple or very few ones bearing the named
organs, and those not well developed. In species, by which the
conceptacles of sporangia always grow down into the frond, I
often also met with specimens with the very greatest number of
branches not showing overgrown conceptacles. I am,_ therefore,
inclined to suppose, that at any rate in some of the branched
Species, and especially specimens much attacked by animals, the
development of the organs of propagation in all rather seldom
takes place. Moreover, from a certain age the plant appears not
to develop reproductive organs, though the vegetative part still
continue its growth, the plant being alive.

The crustaceous species are on the other hand more com-
monly furnished with organs of propagation, mostly sporangia.

The named organs after being founded appear in their further
development also to be checked by attack of animals, especially
the conceptacles of sporangia, but probably also those of antheridia
and cystocarps. I have seen rather numerous superficial concept-
acles of sporangia filled with animals or animal substance, and
still more overgrown, many of which apparently attacked before
growing down into the frond. Besides, the sporangia themselves
may often be infested with small perforating alge, or animals.

The colour of the Lithothamnia also is subject to much va-
riation. In deep water it nearly always seems to get darker than
in more shallow, but, on the other hand, less varying. Growing
n shallow water especially with sandy or else light bottom it gets
very light, and the part turning upwards even whitish in summer,

5

but dark in winter, and in this respect showing a great difference.
Thereby even the colour of a fracture of the plant becomes rather
varying. On the other hand, specimens living in the litoral region,
on the bottom of deeper and shady rock-pools, or else in the
named region covered with Mucaceew and other alge, appear to
be less varying in colour. However, being much exposed to the
light, or changing strong light and shade the colour here some-
times seems to be even more variable than in the upper part of
the sublitoral region. Some specimens change their colour much
in drying, others less, and are, as a rule, rather fading.

I have subsumed the genus Lithophyllum as a subgenus of
Lnthothamnion, and the Lithothamnia proper I propose to name
Eulithothamnion. The former was originally established as a
genus by Philippi’), by him, however, only characterized from
the external shape. In the same sense Ktitzing?) afterwards
quoted both as sections of his genus Spongites, however, species
of Lithophyllum in some cases referred to Mastophora Dcsne.*).
Areschoug*) was the first, who pointed out certain peculiarities
in the development, and regarded Lithothammion and Lithophyllum
as co-ordinate genera. Rosanoff?®) followed him and drew more
thoroughly the limits between them.

However, according to Rosanoff 1. c. and Solms-Laubach’)
there is no definite distinction in the development of the organs of
propagation between both the named genera. Strémfelt*) sup-
poses, that the walls of the sporangia in Lithothammion are formed
all but simultaneous, but in Lithophyllum successively. It is already
shown by Kolderup Rosenvinge®) that this cannot be the
case. I have seen in more species of the former bearing four-
parted sporangia numerous not fully developed ones, and the parti-

1) In Wiegm. Archiv, p. 387.

2) Phyc. gener. p. 386.

3) Kitz. Spec. Alg. p. 696.

4) In J. Ag. Spec. Alg. Il, p. 520.
5) Mélob. p. 97.

8) Corall. Monogr. p. 62.

TY) Algveg. Isl. p. 22.

8) Grenl. Havalg. p. 780.

to

6

tion, so far as 1 have been able to judge, always taking place
successively. In some species, and especially those provided with
superficial conceptacles, it appears, however, that the walls of the
tetrasporic sporangia are founded in a more quickly succession.
In others, on the contrary, and especially in species with immersed
conceptacles, the partition takes place in a more slow succession,
and the middle wall often appears to be fully or nearly fully
developed before the two other walls are founded. Thus it often
looks, as if the sporangia were only bisporic, sometimes with a
well developed wall, sometimes even looking fully developed, but
others in the same conceptacle or in other ones of the same spe-
cimen showing more or less indistinct partition of the one or both
cells; or one or both other interwalls partly so far founded partly
more developed, and the partition at first issuing only from the
one side.t) Once I have seen the middie transverse wall later
developed than the two other walls. And in the same group of
species I also have seen overgrown sporangia only two-parted,
probably not fully developed before they, together with the con-
ceptacle, grew down into the frond. It is in this connection to
be remarked, that I, on the other hand, have not seen anything
which with probability seems to suggest, that a species produces
both bisporic and tetrasporic sporangia. If perhaps it may now
and then occur, that a species provided with the one kind of
sporangia also bears fully developed sporangia of the other kind,
this must most probably be considered only an abnormal develop-
ment. So also in regard to the three-parted and irregularly three-
or four-parted sporangia which occasionally may be met with,
though in all seldom and, so far as I] have seen, only in species
of the section Innate.

Thus the only distinction between the named genera consists
in a difference as to the vegetative part of the plant. In this re-
spect I refer to Solms-Laubach 1. c, who has shown almost
fully transitions between both.*) Moreover, Rosenvinge mentions

1) Cp. under ZL. orbiculatum, L. coralloides and other species.

9

2) Mentioning Lithothamnion Solms-Laubach remarks |. c. p. 26: ,Bei
consequenter Anwendung des unterscheidenden Merkmals wiirden freilich.

7

l. c., that in thin crusts of Lvthothamnion tenue Rosenv. (L.
Strémfeltz2 mihi) the structure may rather approach that of Litho-
phyllum Lenormand: (Aresch.). 1 found in the former the struc-
ture occasionally so nearly approaching, or even almost fully coin-
ciding with that of the last named species, that in my opinion any
true limit cannot be drawn. Other and coarser species of both
genera seem to approach one another much in habit, and probably
they are also as to the structure nearly related. Lithoph. crispa-
tum Hauck, Meeresalg. p. 270, t. Il, fig. 3 reminds one much
of certain forms of Lithoth. imcrustans f. Harveyt (L. polymorphum
Harv.), and Mr. Batters informs me, that the latter often comes
near to Lithoph. expanswm (Phil.) in appearance. On the other
hand Lithoth. dendatum (Kiitz.) Aresch. seems as well to be
referrible to Lithophyllum as coarser forms of Lithoph. cristatum
(Menegh.), supposing the structure of these species stands in the
same relation as Lithoph. decussatum and Lithoph. expansum to
other species of Lithothamnion. Cp. Hauck 1. c. t. Il, fig. 2,5
and Solms-Laubach 1. c. L. mvestiens occasionally reminds
one of certain forms of Lithoph. lichenoides in habit, and even as
to the structure much approaching, or perhaps nearly coinciding
with that of the named species. 1, however, have not had the
Opportunity to examine any of the coarser forms of Lithophyllum.
The structure is in all rather varying, and also the size of the
cells may be somewhat differing in specimens of one and the same
species.

I, therefore, consider Lithophyllum a not well characterized
subgenus of Lithothamnion. Ihave, on the contrary, been in
doubt whether it ought not, perhaps, to be drawn in even as such.
Farlow!) subsumes it under Melobesia, and Batters?) considers

hierher auch die meisten Lithophyllen zu rechnen sein. Bei L. decussatum

und L. expansum tritt ein derartiges Dickenwachsthum, wennschon in rudi-
mentarer Form, gewdbnlich auf; dasselbe kann soweit gehen, dass die
ersterzeugten Conceptacula ins Gewebe versenkt, und dass ttber ihnen neue
gebildet werden. Zwei dergleichen Ubereinander gelegene Schichten fanden
sich Gfters, drei erinnere ich mich bei L. decussatwm nur selten gesehen
zu haben“.

1) Mar. Alg. New Engl. p. 179.

2) Mar. Alg. Berw. p. 139.

8

it a subgenus of Melobesva, but the latter is probably to be re-
garded a rather well defined genus, to which Lithophyllwm is less
related than to Lithothammion.)

I have divided Hulithothammon into two sections, Innate
and Hvanide, the one comprising species by which the concept-
acles of sporangia grow down into the frond, the other species
by which this is not the case. There is, certainly, not any de-
fined limit between these two sections, as transitions now and
then are to be found, but that appears rather to be conditioned
by external causes. Sometimes in species of the first named sec-
tion, by which the thickening meristema of the frond apparently
is superficial, overlapping the roofs of the conceptacles and the
latter growing down into the frond the cavity may be found filled
with new-formed tissue. That is, however, so far as I have seen,
nearly always formed by new local formations and most often in
species by which the conceptacles are not much immersed, and
the whole roof for some reason fallen away, or dissolved. Toge
ther with the overyrown conceptacles is to be found some sporan-
gium not escaped, or sometimes even ail or nearly all the sporangia
formed, partly apparently mature partly but little developed. In
species of the other section, with the thickening meristema of the
frond apparently lying below the basal surface of the conceptacles,
I have never seen overgrown ones, not even in Species with im-
mersed conceptacles.

The conceptacles of cystocarps and antheridia always use to
be superficial, or as a rule very little immersed. The former ge-
nerally do not grow down into the frond, the whole roof falling
away and leaves a cup-shaped scar in most cases with elevated
edges. The latter, probably, do not, as a rule, become overgrown.
I have in four species of the section Innate (L. dehiscens, L.
fruticulosum, L. polymorphum and L. flavescens) seen overgrown
conceptacles of cystocarps. This is caused thereby, that the roof

1) .Wenn schon zwischen Melobesia und Lithophylium intime Beziehungen
bestehen, so lassen sich diese Gattungen doch im entwickelten Zustand
wenigstens an bestimmten Merkmalen erkennen“. Solms-Laubach |. ec.
1p A6),

9

either is not dissolved and has become overlapped by a new thicke-
ning layer of the frond, or, at maturity, only the uppermost part
of the roof is fallen away, and the cavity under the remaining
part gets overgrown by a new thickening layer or a local new
formation; or, as in L. polymorphum and probably also in L.
merustams, by the conceptacles frequently being somewhat im-
mersed, and in such cases perhaps always getting overgrown. In
species of the section Evanide I have also seen the roof of the
cystocarpic conceptacles only in part dissolved, but at the same
time the cavity effaced by a new thickening layer of the frond
and, therefore, the conceptacles not become overgrown, nor a sec-
tion of older parts of the frond showing scars after conceptacles
nlled by local formations of tissue. This, no doubt, corresponds
with the above mentioned difference in regard to the thickening
meristema of the frond.

In reference to the character of species I have, besides the
general appearance and development of the plant, particularly laid
stress upon the shape and size of the conceptacles of sporangia,
which, in my opinion, affords a good and in most cases recogni-
zable characteristic. But the size of the sporangia themselves is,
on the other hand, rather varying, and in shape they are in ge-
neral much varying even within one and the same conceptacle.
Therefore, they cannot as a rule in this respect serve as an identi-
fying character, setting aside their partition. The conceptacles of
-cystocarps are often uniform in different species, in others again
there may be some difference, though in most cases only as to
the size. The carpospores are so uniform in the different species
examined and, on the other hand, mutually so varying in shape
as well as size, that I have in the character of species taken no
account of them. The conceptacles of antheridia are, so far as I
have seen, always of the same or nearly the same shape as the
cystocarpic conceptacles, but probably always smaller. The sper-
matia are, 1 expect, equal in variation to the carpospores, and in
this respect the one species nearly resembling the other. Cp. Born.
et Thur. Etud. Phyc. p. 99. It should, however, be remarked,
that 1 have not seen or examined any great number of the last

10

named ones, nor of the carpospores, and it may be, that those I
have seen have not always been fully developed.

Besides the Lithothamnia collected by myself, I have had the
opportunity to examine a rather great number of other specimens
from different localities and herbaria, also from abroad, and among
these several original specimens, which, I hope, has enabled me
to give to the following list of species a degree of accuracy it
could not otherwise have possessed. I would here express my
sincere thanks to Professor A. Blytt for his permission to exa-
mine the collection of alge in the University’s botanical Museum
at Christiania and fossil Lithothamnia collected by him at Bode;
to Cand. real. P. Boye for specimens from the west coast; to
Cand. med. O. Bugge for fossil specimens from Bodo; Mr. Kr.
Dahl for numerous specimens from the harbour of Varde obtained
by the harbours stirring up mud; the Rev. Gunnar Frette for
winter-specimens from Fréjen; Cand. real. H. H. Gran for various
species from the west coast and the Christiania Fjord; Docent B.
Hansteen for specimens from the west coast; Stud. techn. Sig-
vald Schmidt-Nielsen for specimens from the outer part of the
Trondhjem Fjord; Conservator Sparre Schneider some species
found in a zoological collection from Spitzbergen brought together
by Capt. Niels Johnsen of Tromsg; Stud.med. Kr. Schreiner
specimens collected at Heré in Helgeland and summer- as well as
winter-specimens from the Christiania Fjord; the head-master A. C.
Ullmann specimens from the botanical collection in Kragero Mid-
delskole; and Professor Dr. N. Wille specimens collected at Mandal.
I am particularly indebted to Mad. A. Weber van Bosse of
Amsterdam for several original specimens from the late Dr. F.
Hauck’s herbarium for comparison; to Mr. E. A. L. Batters of
Wormley for several British specimens and informations as to
Harvey's Lithothamnia in Phyc. Brit.; Dr. Ed. Bornet of Paris
for an original specimen from Crouan’s exciccata for examination,
and various other French specimens; Mr. F.S. Collins of Malden,
Mass. for American specimens; Professor W. G. Farlow of Cam-
bridge, Mass. one of the species quoted in his Mar. Alg. New
Engl.; Professor Dr. Chr. Gobi and Mr. C. Deckenbach of St.

11

Petersbourg specimens from the White Sea; Professor Dr. F. R.
Kjellman of Upsala a fragment of what he supposes to be L.
fasciculatum Aresch.; Dr. P. Kuckuck of Helgoland several
specimens there collected; Dr. Kolderup Rosenvinge of Copen-
hagen the species described in his Grenl. Havalg.; Professor van
Tieghem and Mr. P. Hariot of Paris original specimens for
comparison from Crouan’s collection in Museum d'Histoire Na-
turelle; Mr. Geo. Will. Traill of Edinburgh for British specimens ;
and to Professor Dr. V. Vittrock of Stockholm for permission
to examine the late Professor J. E. Areschoug’s herbarium in
the Riksmuseum.

I have previously distributed several Lithothamnia and quoted
most of the northern species in Contrib. I and II. As it appears
from the following, my apprehension of some of the species or
their limits is, however, not the same as then. I want, therefore,
to remark that specimens hereafter distributed will be accompanied
by a reference to the present paper.

Trondhjem 27. il. 1895.

12

Gen. Lithothamnion Phil.
in Wiegm., Arch. p. 387; Aresch. in J. Ag. Spec. Alg. 2) ps ol9;
Rosan. Melob. p. 96.

Subgen. Eulithothamnion Fosl. mscr.
Lithothamnion s. s. auct.

Sectio I. Innatee Fos]. mscr.

Conceptaculis sporangiferis demum innatis.

Lithothamnion boreale Fosl.
Contrib. H, p. 2.
Descr. et Fig. Lithothamnion boreale Fosl. 1. c. et t. 1.

Syn. Apora polymorpha Gunn. in Act. Nidros. p. 70; ex parte?

Remark on the species and its synonomy. Of this vigorously
developed species no other specimen has been found than the
solitary and sterile one described 1. c. A fragmentary one from
Mehavn in East-Finmarken may perhaps be referrible to the pre-

ent species. The latter, however, only forms the uppermost part
of the branch-system of a larger specimen, and, therefore, it cannot
be determined with certainty.

In Gunnerus’ zoological collection in the Museum (Scientific
Society) here are four specimens of Lithothamnion'), one or two
of which probably being nearly related or referrible to L. boreale.
They are, however, fragmentary and sterile, forming a part of a
larger specimen like the above mentioned, and, as no locality is
known, not even wheter they are collected on the Norwegian coast,.
I have not examined them more closely.

elation to other species. The plant appears to be nearly
related to certain forms of ZL. glaciale. However, it must be
considered a separate species, even if the organs of propagation
may prove to be identic, characterized especially by its vigorous

1) Cp. under L. fruticuloswm.

13

and long branches. Besides, from the lower part of the hypothallus
at first apparently crustlike and pretty strongly developed in a later
stage of development coarse and ocsasionally decumbent branches
issue, so that the hypothallus by and by forms a subcentral main
axis, which never appears to be due to L. glaciale.

Habitat. The species apparently lives in the lowest part of
the sublitoral region, or in the elitoral one. It is said to have been
picked up by fishermen from a depth of 20—30 fathom.

Occurrence. Hitherto with certainty only found at Gjesveer
in the neighbourhood of the North Cape, a solitary specimen.

Lithothamnion glaciale Kjellm.

N. Ish. Algfl. p. 123 (93).

f. typiea Fosl. mscr.

f. ramis conicis, obtusis vel subcylindricis, usque 7—8 mm.
altis, inferne diametro usque 5 mm.
Fig. Lithothamnion glaciale Kjellm. 1. c. t. 2—3.

f. torosa Fosl. mscr.

f. crusta tuberculis subhemisphzericis, 0.5—1 cm. magnis in-
structa. Tab. nostr. 1.

Syn. Lithothamnion calcareum Kjellm. Vinteralg. p. 64.

Kleen, Nordl. Ale. p. 11; sec. Kjellm.

: fasciculatum Aresch. Obs. Phyc. 3, p. 5 (ex parte); sec.
Kjellm.

i Gobi, Algenfl. Weiss. Meer. p. 22.

H s Kjellm. Spetsb. Thall. 1, p. 3, Algenv. Murm.
Meer. p. 7.

‘ glaciale Fosl. Contrib. I, p. 7.

3 5 Strémf. Algveg. Isl. p. 18.

‘ . Roseny. Grénl. Havalg. p. 773.

Remark on the species and the defimtion of the form. The
most extreme forms of this species are rather differing. It probably
includes more than the above quoted ones, but they are on the
other hand not well defined, as transitions frequently are to be
found. The form figured by Kjellman 1. c. I consider to be the
' typical one, characterized by its mostly numerous conical branches
in the crust as well as the lobes. Smaller specimens of this form

14

sometimes approach L. varzans f. verrucosa in habit and may
be even difficult to separate in a sterile state. On the other side
it passes into the form torosa, in which the crust and lobes bear
more or less subhemispherical, smaller or larger processes, in some
respects corresponding with the form aregulare of L. varians,
being, however, a much larger and coarser plant than the latter.
At Kjelm6 in East-Finmarken I also met with a form, in which
the simple branches are rather thicker than in the typical one
carrying more or less numerous wart-like processes, and now and
then even forming bundles, in all most closely related to the named
form. I, however, did not succeed in finding the sporangia, but
the conceptacles fully resemble those in LZ. glaciale. Cp. pl. 2,
fig. 2, a specimen anastomosed with L. breviaxe. The species is,
in the Arctic Sea, one of the largest of the genus, attaining a dia-
meter of at least 0.5 m.

The conceptacles of sporangia frequently are, in the specimens
that I have seen, somewhat larger than those quoted by Kjellman
l. c., or the circular or oblong and convex roof up to 400 p, most
frequently about 300—350 p» in diameter. It is intersected with
50—70 canals, which are crowded in the middle of the roof. After
the central or greater portion of the roof is nearly dissolved, this
portion often gets somewhat depressed, and then it looks, in a
certain stage, as if the conceptacles were surrounded by an annular
border. Sometimes the whole roof falls away, and the scar be-
comes effaced by a local formation of tissue. The sporangia ap-
pear to be much varying in size. I found them up to 180 p long
and 80 ye broads i Con kG elite:

I have not seen cystocarpic conceptacles in typical specimens
of this species, but some few ones found in a form apparently
referrible to f. typica are conical, low and about 400 p in diameter
at the base. Some other conceptacles are about 250—300 yp in
diameter at the base, probably antheridian ones, and in shape
agreeing with the former.

Relation to other species. The present plant is a true hyper-
borean Lithothamnion, that has probably originated within the Arctic
Sea, and not unlikely more species have issued from it and been

15

developed in a more southward direction, for inst. LZ. boreale, L.
varums and L. colliculosum. As mentioned above, smaller indi-
viduals of the species in question may be confounded with L.
varians, but the sporangia are not yet well known in the last
named species. On the other hand, as remarked by Kjellman
1c. it shows some affinity to L. fruticulesum (L. mtermedium
Kjellm.). Although they are in general easily distinguished by
the external shape, one or the other sometimes assumes forms
which in a steril state may be difficult to identify, or easily con-
founded.

Habitat. Along the coast of Finmarken the species generally
lives on a depth of 10—20 fathom, and here it apparently prefers
sandy and shingly bottom. It is found on open shore as well as
in sheltered places, and it penetrates rather far up the fjords. Here,
I occasionally met with it on a depth of only 3—5 fathom. Spe-
cimens collected in July and August have partly been sterile partly
richly provided with ripe sporangia, or newly emptied conceptacles.

Occurrence. With us. the species apparently is most com-
monly dispersed along the coast of East-Finmarken. Here it has
been found at several places, partly even abundant. I met with
it at Kjelm6, pretty plentiful but local, Vard6, Mehavn, Kjollefjord,
and at Lebesby in Laxefjord, local but abundant. It appears also
to be dispersed along the whole coast of West-Finmarken, but here
apparently less numerous, except perhaps in the most eastern part
of this district. It has been found at Kistrand in Porsangerfjord
(f. typica and f. torulosa), Kjelvik, Mageré Sound, Maas6, Gjes-
ver, Kvalsund (f. torwlosa) and Bergsfjord. Within Tromsé Amt
Kjellman collected it at Karls6, and I found a small specimen in
Polden in the inner part of the Lyngen Fjord. I also met with
some few specimens at Troms6 and Mestervik in Malangen, but
they are sterile and rather uncertain. Within Nordlands Amt Kleen
I. c. quotes it from Fleinver and Giver, not far from Bod6, and
I gathered a specimen, however, uncertain at Borgever in Lofoten,
apparently anastomosing with LZ. varians and mentioned under
this species.

Geogr. Distribution. Spitzbergen and the west coast of No-

16

vaya Zemlya (Kjellman); the coast of Russian Lapland (Gobi);
Greenland (Rosenvinge); Iceland (Strémfelt).

Lithothamnion breviaxe Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde initio plerumque circum lapides vel conchas effusa(?),.
demum libera in fundo jacente, diametro usque 20 cm., irregu-
lariter subdichotome ramosa, ramis brevibus, confertis, subcylindri-
cis, 2 mm. crassis, plus minus coalitis, parte superiore uno alterove
ramulo brevissimo, verruceeformi szepe preeditis, apicibus obtusis;
conceptaculis sporangiferis convexiusculis at parum prominentibus,
diametro a superficie visa 350—450 »; conceptaculis cystocarpi-
feris depresso-conicis, diametro 400—500 . Sporangtis quaternas
sporas foventibus, circa 160 » longis, 45 p latis. Tab. 2.

Description of the species. Of this plant I have seen but an
old specimen, and a younger one probably belonging to the same
form, and besides 1 met with some few others anastomosing with
a form of L. glaciale. However, this anastomose was in most
cases so thoroughly, that any limit is impossible to draw especially
in the central or lower part of the plants. Pl 2 snes 25 i tise
named younger specimen appears not to have been fastened to:
any harder object, subglobose and branched from the centre, but
here the branches rather anastomosed in an apparently early stage
of development. The other and old specimen appears to have at
least in part encompassed a stone or another object, which later
is fallen out. It is about 22 cm. long, 15 cm. broad at the broadest
part and *8-—10°cm. im “‘thickmess, “Pl) 2) “tie? 1) Sit iseeioeepaee
somewhat hollow, and has apparently at first been provided with
a thinner crustlike hypothallus, but shows in an older stage only
here and there a tendency to continue a crustlike development of
this hypothallus, or is in part rather rubbed. The specimen is
branched in an irregular subdichotomous or trichotome manner,
with very short axes. The branches are densely crowded in the
upper part as well as in that turning towards the bottom, sub-
cylindrical and about 2 mm. thick, partly rather straight partly
somewhat bent and frequently fastigiate, and the ends as a rule

17)

optuse. The upper part of the branches offen carry some short,
wartlike process, and especially the lower part rather anastomosing.

The structure of the frond accords with that of LZ. fruticulo-
sum. The cup-shaped layers of tissue are rather regular and
distinct.

The conceptacles of sporangia are convex, but little prominent,
seen from the surface 350—450 in diameter and scattered in the
upper part of the branches, more seldom somewhat crowded. The
roof is intersected with 60-—70 muciferous canals, rather thin and
gets occasionally quite dissolved, and the scar effaced by local
formations of tissue, frequently, however, only the central portion,
as in most other species of this section. I succeeded in finding
but some few sporangia, however, not all fully developed. Mature
ones are four-parted, about 160 » long and 45 p broad. Over-
grown conceptacies are very scarce in the specimens that | have
examined.

The conceptacles of cystocarps are conical, low, traversed by
a canal at the summit, and 400—500 p in diameter at the base.
I found some few ones on a younger branch developed in the
outer part of the cavity of the plant. I have not seen the carpospores.

elation to other species. This plant seems to be closely
related to L. fruticulosum, or in some respects forming an inter-
mediate species between this and ZL. glaciale, more nearly allied,
however, to the former and sometimes apparently difficult to di-
stinguish. In habit it stands between ZL. fruticulosum f. typica
and f. fastigiata, and is separated especially as regards the con-
ceptacles of sporangia and its tendency to form a crustlike hypo-
thallus.

Habitat. The species grows on hard bottom on a depth of
5—6 fathom, found together with L. glaciale and L. fruticulosum
in a somewhat sheltered harbour. Specimens taken in the begin-
ning of August were rather richly furnished with conceptacles of
sporangia, most of which, however, emptied, and others with in
part apparently ripe sporangia.

Occurrence. Only found at Kjelm6 in East-Finmarken, where
it appears to be rare.

18

Lithothamnion fruticulosum (Kiitz.) Fosl. mscr.
Spongites fruticulosa Kitz. Polyp. calcif. p. 33; Spec. Alg. p. 699. Litho-
thamnion fasciculatum Hauck, Meeresalg. p. 274; excl. syn. plur.
f. typica Fos). mscr.
Descr. Lithothamnion fasciculatum # fruticulosum Hauck 1. c. p. 274.
Fig. i " Peta iy 000 s6ex, IG), ti, W/.
fig. 4—5.
‘ Spongites fruticulosa Kutz. Tab. Phyc. 19, t. 99.
5 Lithothamnion fruticulosum f. typica tab. nostr. 3 et 4, fig. 1—2.
f. fastegeata Fosl. mscr.
f. ramis valde coalitis, fastigiatis, apicibus obtusis vel truncatis..
alloy, ).

f. omtermedia (Kjellm.) Fosl. mscr.
Lithothamnion intermedium Kjellm. N. Ish. Algfl. p. 127 (7).
Descr. et Fig. Lithothamnion intermedium Kjellm. 1. c. et t. 4, fig. 2.

f. nana Fosl.
Contrib. II, p. 6.
Descr. et Fig. Lithothamnion intermedium f. nana Fosl. 1. c. et t. 3, fig. 6.

f. glomerata Fosl. mscr.

f. fasciculis subglobosis e parte centrali solida undique egre-
dientibus, ramis brevissimis. Tab. 4, fig. 3.

f. corymbiformis Fosl. mscr.

f. fasciculis subcorymbosis e parte centrali lobata undique
egredientibus; ramis superioribus non vel parce coalitis, circa 2.5,
mm. crassis. Tab. 6.

f. curvirostra Fosl. mscr.
f. ramis superioribus curvatis, plerumque elongato-conicis vel

subulatis, apicibus obtusis vel acuminatis.
Fig. Spongites ramulosa Kiitz. Tab. Phyc. 19, t. 99 (excl. concept. sporang.).

f. flexuosa Fosl. mscr.
Descr. Lithothamnion fasciculatum s. s. Hauck 1. c.
Fig. ‘ 5 4 Ten WO ater, WL te, Whee, Bh.
% ° fruticulosum f, flexuosa tab. nostr. 7—8.

Syn. Apora polymorpha Gunn. in Act. Nidros. IV, p. 71; ex parte; t. 15, fig. 1°

Nullipora polymorpha Johnst. Brit. Spong. and Lithoph. p. 238; ex
parte pl. 24, fig. 2?

Melobesia fasciculata Harv. Phyc. Brit. pl. 74; Man. p. 108; ex parte®

19

Syn. Lithothamnion ramulosum Phil. in Wiegm. Arch. p. 388; Kiitz. Tab.
Phyc. 19, p. 35; Aresch. in J. Ag. Spec. Alg. 2, p. 524?
Lithothamnion ramulosum Solms Laub. Corall. p. 19; ex parte?

s fasciculatum Farl. New Engl. Alg. p. 182; ex parte.
$ Ungeri Kjellm. N. Ish. Algfl. p. 120 (91); excl. syn.;
Fosl. Contrib. I, p. 8.
As intermedium Strémf. Algveg. Isl. p. 19; Fosl. Contrib.
I, Bo. Oe
5 5 Rosenyv. Grénl. Havalg. p. 774?

Remark on the determination of the species. As quoted below
under L. crassum I consider L. fasciculatum (Lam.) to be most
nearly connected or probably identic with that species. I conse-
quently do not adopt this name for the plant, that Hauck l. c.
more nearly describes under the name of L. fasciculatum. Judging
from authentic specimens of the latter that I have seen, it in my
opinion appears not to be identic with Lamarck’s plant, although
probably nearly related to it. JI on the other hand agree with
Hauck, that his plant most probably is to be referred to the same
series of forms as L. fruticuloswm (Kiitz.), considered by Hauck
a variety of his L. fasciculatum, though in part rather differing
from that. Taking ZL. fruticuloswm (Kiitz.) in the same sense as
Hauck it appears to constitute the typical form of a Lithotham-
nion, which on the one side approaches ZL. glaciale and other
species in habit, on the other side being closely related to L. cras-
sum Phil., and I regard the named typical L. fasciculatum Hauck
as one of the most extreme forms of this species, the above f.
flexuosa.

However, the limits between this species and L. crassum are
not easily drawn neither in regard to the external shape nor to
the structure. Hauck remarks |. c. ,Manche Formen sind schwer
von L. erassum zu unterscheiden“. I have seen too few specimens
of the latter, an apparently more southern species, to be able to
get any clear idea of their affinity to each other. In their typical
forms they certainly are easily distinguished and even more diffe-
ring than several other species of this genus. But on the other
hand ZL. fruticuloswm is much varying and shows in its most
extreme forms close affinity chiefly to L. crassum, and even to
various other species which in their typical development are quite

20

different. They appear, so far as 1 have seen, to be distinguished
especially as to the shape and size of the conceptacles of sporangia.

Remark on the definition of the form. The present plant
includes numerous forms, the principal of which are quoted above.
A couple of these might perhaps be regarded as separate species,
but it has not been possible to draw any true limit, and I, there-
fore, regard them as forms of the species in question, to which
they appear at least to be closely related.

Through the kindness of Mad. A. Weber van Bosse I have
had the opportunity to examine three specimens from Ha uck’s
herbarium of his LZ. fasciculatuu 8 fruteculosum. One of these
fully accords with specimens in my collection of the above f.
typica. . Cp. pl. 3. The second is a younger individual, probably
belonging to the same form. The third may perhaps also be re-
ferrible to this form, but on the other hand it rather reminds one
of LZ. nodulosum in habit, nor did I succeed in finding overgrown
conceptacles of sporangia. The form is somewhat varying, but in
general easily recognized. The branches more or less densely
crowded are in Hauck’s as well as in my specimens generally
1.5—2 mm. thick, rather anostomosing especially in older individu-
als, and frequently carrying short and wart-like or longer and
branch-like processes. Pl. 3 and Hauck |. c. Much attacked by
boring-muscles it occasionally becomes more or less hollow and
opened in the lower part, but it apparently never assumes a cup-
shaped form like several other Lithothamnia. In old specimens
growing in shallow water with strong currents the upper branches
frequently become more or less denudated, or biten off, the rest
afterwards in part anastomosing, forming crustlike expansions, or
here and there with new branches in development. PI. 3, fig. 6
and pl. 4, fig. 1—2. This form is in general to be found freely
developed on the bottom, seldom encompassing shells or smaller
stones. It attains a diameter of about 15 cm., more frequently,
however, about 10 cm. or less.

The form fastigiata is nearly connected with the typical form.
Pl. 5, fig. 7 represents a specimen somewhat approaching the latter.
It also commonly develops freely on the bottom, sometimes fastened

21

_ to but seldom encompassing smaller stones. However, growing
more scattered, or in the periphery of a greater bank it often
fastens itself, apparently in a somewhat advanced stage of develop-
ment, to smaller stones, but later again it appears to loosen itself
from the stone. Pl. 5, fig. 4. Occasionally different individuals
become confluent.. Pl. 5, fig. 3. In shallow sounds with rapid
tides the frond often gets rather compressed, forming subdhemis-
- pherical masses, that attain a diameter of 12 cm., more commonly,
however, globose or subglobose and about 8 cm. in diameter, or
less. The branches are short, generally shorter than in f. typrca,
very densely crowded, straight and level-topped, and towards the
apex nearly always carrying short and wart-like processes. It is
much anastomosing especially in the central portion and here now
and then forming lobes, however, the anastomose frequently ex-
tending pretty far upwards, and here and there even nearly to the
tip of the branches. The ends are as a rule obtuse or almost
truncate; but particularly if being under the influence of rapid tides
they become quite truncate in the part turning upwards, or also
in the part turning towards the bottom, but, so far as I have seen,
more seldom only in the last named part, and sometimes nearly
disc-shaped. Under such conditions the upper part of the branches
occasionally gets denudated, as in the typical form, however, appa-
rently more seldom than in the latter. The plant frequently is
much attacked chiefly by boring-muscles, and, as is common at
least in nearly all the northern Lithothamnia, intersected with
numerous passages made by worms, occasionally leaving only a
thin peripherical portion; or a part of the plant, or even the whole
plant collapses. PI. 5, fig. 4.

I have not been able to draw any limit at all between the
plant that Kjellman 1. c. describes under the name of L. inter-
medium and the present species, and I, therefore, consider it a
form of this species. Specimens determined by Kjellman himself
show transitions especially to the typical form of L. fruticuloswm,
and, as I apprehend Kjellman’s description of his plant. it in part
includes the named form. Thus fig. 1 on pl. 4 1. c. can scarcely

be separated from L. fruticulosum f. typica in the sense the latter
3%

i)

pa)

(5)

is taken by me. Cp. pl. 3. I on the other hand regard the plant
delineated |. c. pl. 4, fig. 2 as typical or nearly typical f. mter-
media. This form is characterized by its central or lower portion
forming coarse and clumsy lobes, which are coarser than such
ones in f. typica, or sometimes being nearly solid. From the
named lobes issue simple and rather coarse, most often conically
cylindrical branches with obtuse ends, now and then carrying wart-
like processes. This form frequently encompasses smalier stones,
and it apparently seldom attains any considerable size.

The form nana is in the cited paper recorded as little inde-
pendent. It is rather characteristic in its typical development, but
intermediate forms between this one and partly f. typica partly f.
intermedia and occasionally even f. curvirostra are more generally
to be found than quite typical specimens. It frequently is only
O0.5—1.5 cm. in diameter. ;

The form glomerata is characterized by its generally solid
central portion or occasionally coarse lobes, from which issue in
all directions subglobose bundles of branches. These bundles are
composed of very short branches, in their upper part carrying
wart-like processes, and nearly always rather anastomosing, often
even towards the apex. PI. 4, fig. 3. The ends are rounded or
obtuse. If not much attacked by animals the central part is con-
tinuing thick and solid, or intersected with cavities and canals,
encompassing smaller stones, or not, but if attacked especially in
a younger stage it forms coarse and clumsy lobes, and the plant
sometimes at length becomes quite hollow. It attains a diameter
of about 10 cm.

A rather independent plant is f. corymbiformis, and it, perhaps,
ought to be regarded as a separate species. However, I have seen
but few specimens of this form. On the one side it appears to
pass into the typical form and on the other is nearly connected
with f. glomerata, or even showing close affinity to f. flexwosa.
It never forms a solid central portion, but coarser lobes, although
not so coarse as in the preceding form. From the named lobes
issue subcorymbose clusters of branches, which are far less ana-
stomosing than in f. glomerata, but on the other hand coarser,

23

about 2.5 mm. in diameter, with longer and branch-like or shorter
and wart-like processes. The ends are obtuse or, not seldom, some-
what spherically thickened. Pl. 6, fig. 1. This form also becomes
more or less hollow, caused by animals, especially boring muscles.
Pl. 6, fig. 2 represents the upper part of a specimen, by which
most of the branches are denudated, and rather more than those
of the lower part of the plant. Fig. 3 on the same plate shows
the lower and much denudated portion of a specimen most nearly
related to this form, but in the upper and not denudated part not
forming distinct bundles. It is hollow, and the cavity occupied
by Mytilus, Pecten and other animals.

The form that I have named f. curvirostra so nearly accords
in habit with the plant figured by KUtzing |. c., that I have
referred to it. It is ZL. ramulosum Phil, and Kiitzing got the
specimen from Philippi himself. Cp. 1. c. p. 35. I, however,
am not sure whether my form in fact may be identic with that,
as the apparently numerous conceptacles of sporangia, scattered
or partly crowded over the whole plant in Kiitzing’s figure, do
not agree with my specimens, being larger and apparently more
superficial. Hauck 1. c. certainly refers this plant to his L. fas-
ciculatwm, and it appears rather probable that they are identic and
the conceptacles only delineated too large in Ktitzing’s figure.
However, | do not adopt that name for the form in question, until
an authentic specimen has been examined, as besides more species
probably have been recorded under the same name. ‘This form
is, most commonly, at first fastened to smaller stones, but it soon
loosens itself and lies free on the bottom, then forming roundish
balls about 4—5 cm. in diameter. It seldom encompasses stones.
The lower branches are more or less anastomosing, the upper
ones rather spreading and most often curved, at the base about
2mm. thick, elongated conical and acute in typically developed
specimens. In others, however, the branches are often conically
cylindrical and obtuse, seldom nearly cylindrical, and in the upper
part occasionally bearing some wart-like process. Such specimens
form transitions to f. flexuosa, and in part nearly related especially
to Adriatic specimens of the last named form, which frequently

24

appear to be smaller than northern ones, and, being more densely
branched, even to f. typica. It seems not to be any well defined
form, although it deserves to be specially mentioned.

As quoted above, I consider the typical L. fasciculatum Hauck
to be one of the most extreme forms of the precent species, the
above f. flexwosa. I have seen 3 authentic specimens determined
by Hauck as ,L. fasciculatum.“ The one of these agrees with
specimens in my collection referred to f. typica. The two others
accord with the form fleawosa, smaller but otherwise fully resembling
the specimen represented pl. 7, fig. 1. This form apparently gets
much larger with us than in the Adriatic Sea, attaining a diameter
of up to 15 cm., or more, and as a rule freely developed on the
bottom. I very seldom met with it fastened to or encompassing
shells. The branches are less crowded than in f. typica, in the
lower or central portion rather coarse, or forming smaller lobes,
and more or less anastomosing, though far less than in the named
form. They are rather spreading in the peripherical portion, much
bent and about 2mm. in diameter, cylindrical, or sometimes slightly
tapering towards the obtuse ends, which, however, now and then
may be a little roundish-thickened. Pl. 7, fig. 1—2. It sometimes
is rather rubbed in the part turning towards the bottom, and now
and then in part hollow. PI. 7, fig. 3 represents a transition to
f. typica, partly with’ the upper branches somewhat denudated.
The form occasionally is provided with an apparently coarse hypo-
thallus. Cp. pl. 8, fig. 1. This is, however, produced by epiphytic
Lithothamnia, mostly L. flavescens. The specimen that Hauck
delineates |. c. t. V, fig. 3 looks coarser than the specimens which
I have seen from his herbarium, on the one side resembling and
probably identic with f. flexwosa in the sense here taken, but on
the other side reminding one of certain forms of L. tophaforme.
A similar, but larger, form is represented on pl. 8, fig. 2. This
also is coarser than typical f. flexwosa, closely related to or pro-
bably identic with the latter, but on the other hand it coincides in
several particulars with LZ. tophiforme. I met with this form in
one locality growing in company with f. typica, typical specimens
of f. flexwosa and L. tophiforme. In another locality I found the

oe.

AS

latter, f. typeea and transitions to f. flexuosa growing together. It
is not unlikely that this form in part constitutes a hybrid between
L.. fruticulosum and L. tophiforme, but on the other hand, as
remarked p. 3, it appears nearly impossible in this extremely varying
eroup Of species to decide whether hybrids in fact arise. The
figured specimen exhibits transition to typical f. flexwosa, however,
also closely approaching certain forms of L. tophiforme, that a

limit is very difficult to draw, and I possess several sterile speci-

mens which I have not been able to identify with certainty, as
also J. tophiforme shows a tendency to develop itself in the same
direction. It is nearly always sterile, or some other specimen very
scantily provided with conceptacles of cystocarps and sporangia,
the latter in this as well as in typical specimens of f. flexuosa
sometimes approaching those of L. tophiforme. 1, however, have
not succeeded in finding the sporangia in the named most extreme
form, and it may be that this form in fact represents a Separate
species.

The structure of the frond is described by Kjellman lc. I
here only want to remark, that the inner cells of the cup-shaped
layers in the branches or processes frequently appear to be about
10—12 p» long and 5—6 p thick. The named layers are more
or less regular, in part depending on older overgrown concept-
acles of sporangia.

The reproductive organs of this species are also described by
Kjellman |. c. The conceptacles of sporangia in f. typica, f.
fastigiata, f. imtermedia, f. glomerata and f. cwrvirostra resemble
each other. ‘They are scattered especially in the processes or upper
part of the branches or occasionally somewhat crowded, very little
prominent, in part not distinctly marked, and the slightly convex
roof frequently about 250—300 yp in diameter, more seldom only
about 200 y. The roof is rather thick, and the muciferous canals
appear to be visible from the surface first in a rather late stage
of development of the conceptacles. In some specimens I partly
found the central or greater portion of the roof thinly decorticated,
and the canals visible and distinct in a number of about 30—40,
partly not decorticated and the canals not visible. However, in

26

other specimens I found the roof apparently not decorticated, but
the canals visible, so that this decortication perhaps may be atten-
ded on external causes. Later the middle part of the roof gets
quite dissolved, more seldom the whole roof. The sporangia I
frequently found to be 110—140 p long, occasionally only about
90 or up to 150 », and 35—45 p» broad, seldom even up to 60 p.
The thickness apparently is about +/, of the breadth, or more.)
In f. nana the conceptacles as well as the sporangia themselves
are slightly smaller than is general in the above quoted forms. In
f. flexwosa they frequently agree with those in the other forms, but
on the other hand sometimes a little larger, more distinct and more
prominent, the roof up to 350 p in diameter, thinner and more
easily dissolvable or falling away than in any of the other forms.
Hauck 1. c. records the conceptacles to be ,,flach-warzenformig™ ,
which, so far as I have seen, accords rather better with those of
L. crassum. In one of his specimens of f. flexuosa I found some
few very little prominent, convex, but in part not sharpiy marked
and in all fully agreeing with typical ones of the present species.
In f. corymbiformis I have only seen overgrown conceptacles, which
in a median section are of about the same size as in f. typica.
Overgrown conceptacles in general are to be found only in
the peripherical portion of the branches or processes, rather seldom
in any greater number. The appear to be proportionally most
common in the forms fastegzata, intermedia, nana, glomerata and
curvirostra. In f. typica they sometimes are rather numerous,
sometimes very few or apparently wanting, which appears to relate
to the fact that the plant does not probably always develop the
named organs, or that the whole roof occasionally falls away and
the conceptacle becomes effaced by local formations of tissue, as
for inst. in LZ. glaciale. In f. flexwosa overgrown conceptacles

1) ‘he sporangia of the present genus altogether appear to be convex-concave

and thickest in the middle, and, therefore, the measures of the thickness
only are approximate. They appear partly to be thicker partly and appa-
rently more frequently thinner in proportion to the breadth than above
quoted, but more exactly measures are not to be got without dissecting
the sporangia, which, however, may not be required in a systematic point
of view, as they also in this respect seem to be rather varying,

yh

partly and most often occur in small numbers, partly not, and
especially in the most extreme form of this type the overgrown
as well as superficial ones appear to be very scarce. Also in
Adriatic specimens of the two last named forms older grown-in
organs of this kind seem to be scarce. Now and then occur
apparently two-parted overgrown sporangia in this species, but these
probably have not been fully deveioped before they together with
the conceptacles grew down into the frond.

The cystocarpic conceptacles are in the present species conical,
low, seldom somewhat acute, about 400—500 p in diameter at
the base. Some other conceptacles, only 2CO—300 y in diameter
at the base and in shape coinciding with the former, probably are
those of antheridia. I have not seen the carpospores, nor the
spermatia. These organs are on the whole scarce in the specimens
that I have collected, and scattered in the branches without any
order. Also in this respect the form flexwosa in part rather differs
from the typical development, as | found the conceptacles of cysto-
carps in some cases to be more acute than ever in f. typica or
in other and more typical specimens of f. flexwosa as well as in
Adriatic specimens of the latter, somewhat reminding one of these
organs in L. topliforme.

femark on the synonomy. I suppose that Gunnerus referred
to his Apora polymorpha all the Lithothamnia then known to him.
Among the 4 specimens mentioned under L. boreale apparently
from his own collection!) are two which, no doubt, belong to the
present species, the one nearly according with the cited figure in
Act. Nidros., referrible to the form fastgiata.

The figures that Johnston l.c. gives of his L. polymorphum
are much differing from each other and most probably designate
different species, and even still more judging from his list of syno-
nymes. Thus the plant that he delineates 1. c. pl. 24, fig. 2 very
much reminds one of f. intermedia of the present species, to which
it probably belongs. The other forms referred by him to the same
species will be mentioned under ZL. crassum and L. incrustans.

As remarked below under Z. crasswm Phil. I consider Z.

Yt) Cp. Wittrup, Catal. p. 88.

I8

fasciculatum Harv. in the main to be referrible to that species.
By the liberal communications of Mr. Batters as to Harveys
Lithothamnia there are, so far as he knows, no really authentic
specimens in existence. I, however, got under the name of JZ.
fasciculaiwm two specimens gathered by Mr. G. W. Traill at
Falmouth, where the plant according to Mr. Batters has grown
in the same locality since Harvey's time. They unfortunately are
dead, bleached and rather rubbed, probably found cast on shore,
and they cannot be determined with certainty, very likely, however,
belonging to L. fruticulosum and most closely related to the typi-
cal form.

I in part refer L. fasciculatwm Farl. to the species in gue-
stion, on the authority of Mr. F. S. Collins, who kindly sent me
a specimen stated to be the form recorded by Farlow |. c. under
hat name. It is said to be ,common in pools at low-water mark
along the coast of Maine“. However, it appears, as if the speci-
men that I got has been washed ashore from the sublitoral region.
This specimen I without any doubt refer to Lh. fruticulosum, stan-
ding between f. typzca and f. intermedia, however, most nearly
related to the latter. It is only 2—3 cm. in diameter, having appa-
rently at first nearly surrounded a stone or another hard object,
which is fallen out, and the cavity appears partly being effaced
by new-formed tissue. The conceptacles are very little prominent
and slightly convex, the roof about 250 » in diameter, intersected
with about 30 canals, and they finally grow down into the frond.
The four-parted sporangia age 90—115 p long and 35—45 p broad.
A specimen kindly sent me by Prof. Farlow himself will be men-
tioned under L. colliculosum.

Another specimen that I received from Mr. Collins most pro-
bably belongs to the form fastagzata. Collins’ coll. A. ,Eagle
Island, Maine. In pools at dead low water“. It is sterile and
fragmentary, but has apparently been small, about 2—3 cm. in
diameter. The lower part shows a tendency to form lobes, the
branches fastigiate, with short axes, and rather anastomosing. The
ends are obtuse or truncate, but in part somewhat denudated. The
structure also accords with that of Z. fruticuloswm. Overgrown

29

conceptacles are numerous, and in one of these I found a solitary
sporangium, about 100 » long and 50 p broad, but I was not
able to determine the partition.

Prof. Kjellman records |. c. a Lithothamnion under the name
of L. Ungeri, which he, among others, got from me, gathered at
Troms6. He identifies this plant with LZ. byssoides Unger, Leitha-
tenet 920) td. ie. tS, In Contrib. 1) es 1 followed Kyjelr
man and quoted the plant under the same name from East-Fin-
marken, by comparison of specimens determined by Kjellman
himself. However, I then perhaps referred to it some specimens
now considered to belong to another species. Later I have had
the advantage of seeing Unger’s description, and I also brought
together greater and better materials as then for the classification
of these much varying alge. Two fragmentary specimens that I
got back from Prof. Kjellman denominated as above agree with
the form typica of the present species, the one, however, showing
transition to f. corymbifornus and provided with an apparently
coarse hypothalius like the above mentioned specimen figured pl.
8, fig. 1, but also this infested with an epiphytic Lithothamnion.
He remarks, that the conceptacles of sporangia never grow down
into the frond. I, however, found in the named specimens older
grown-in organs of this kind, but they are scarce, which, as
quoted above, is often the case in f. typica. It may be that
Kjellman's plant includes also another species, or, more likely,
the overgrown conceptacles escaped his observations. ‘The speci-
mens then known were sterile. I on the other hand do not coin-
cide with Kjellman, that this form may be considered identic
with the named species described by Unger 1. c. This appears
to be a smaller plant, with thinner branches, but otherwise cer-
tainly somewhat reminding one of L. fruticulosum f. typica. 1
think it identic with L. gracilescens described below.

elation to other species. This species apparently has origi-
nated in more southern wathers than for inst. LZ. glaceale, and it
is not unlikely that several other Lithothamnia have issued from
it, as L. crasswm, or vice-versa, L. breviaxe, L. divergens, L.
apiculatum, L. dimorphum and perhaps also L. mamilloswm, and

‘~ 3.” .
/

30

others. It is, as remarked above, nearly connected with J. eras-
sum, but shows closer affinity also to the other named species,
as well as L. glaciale in habit, and sterile specimens are some-
times not easily separated from the latter. The form amtermedia
may especially in a younger stage even be confounded with JZ.
colliculosum. The distinction between the present plant and L.
divergens, L. apicalatum and L. dimorphum will be quoted under
the named species.

I have seen three authentic specimens of L. mamillosum
Hauck, Meeresalg. p. 272, which I propose to name L. Hauckiz*),
a species closely related to L. fruticulosum in habit, and probably
sterile specimens may often only with difficulty be separated from
the typical form of this. /@p. Tauck 1c. tos tiers
However, it appears to be somewhat coarser, the apex of the
branches sometimes rather acute and also showing some diversities
of structure, the latter apparently coarser than in L. fruieculosum.
Specimens bearing cystocarpic conceptacles are identified at a glance.
These organs | found in the named specimens commonly to be
500—800 p. in diameter at the base, sometimes a little more, and
of a considerable height. Hauck 1. c. quotes them in general
being about 1 mm. in diameter. The elongated tip seems to fall
easily away, and then the conceptacles look rather low, though
still higher than in £. fruteculoswm. Besides, 1 found some other
in shape similar conceptacles only about 300 » in diameter, which
perhaps are those of antheridia. Conceptacles of sporangia appear
to be unknown.

Habitat. The plant lives in the upper part of the sublitoral
region, on a depth of 1—10 fathom. It prefers sheltered places
and rather hard bottom, partly more scattered (especially f. anter-
media, f. nana, f. glomerata, f. corymbiformis) partly abundant
or in great masses (especially f. typica, f. fastegiata and partly
also f. flexuosa), not seldom in sounds with strong currents.
Sporangia-bearing specimens have been taken in June, July and

") Gumbel, Die sogen, Nullip. p. 41 records a fossil Lithotnamnion by the

name of L. manvilosum and, therefore, I propose the species to be named
after the late Dr. F. Hauck.

31

August, and scantily provided with conceptacles of sporocarps in
July and August.

Occurrence. The species, as understood in the above men-
tioned comprehensive sense, is not unlikely dispersed nearly along
the whoie of the Norwegian coast. It has been found at Kjelm6é
in Sydvaranger, pretty plentiful but local (f. typiea); Bugénes,
washed ashore (f. itermedia?); Vads6, cast on shore in rather
ereat numbers (f. typica and f. intermedia); Vardd (f. typica, f.
glomeraia); Hayningberg, washed ashore (f. mtermedia); Lebesby,
apparently rather scarce (f. intermedia); Kistrand, rare (f. glome-
rata); WHonningsvaag, washed ashore (f. intermedia?); Sopnes in
Altenfjord, rare (an uncertain form, perhaps f. flexuosa); Skorpen
in Kveenangen, scattered an £ ae er scarce (f. typica, f. mtermedia,
f. nana, f. curvirosira); Karls6 (Kjellman), scattered (f. enter-
media); Lyngo, rare (f. oe a Tromsd, abundant but rather
local (f. typica, f. mtermedia, f. flexwosa, f. corymbifornus); Mester-
vik in Malangen (an uncertain form, perhaps f. flexwosa); Borgeveer
in Lofoten, cast on shore (f. typiea); Herd in Helgeland (Kr.
Schreiner), apparently not uncommon (f. typica and f. wter-
media}; Beian, abundant but rather local (f typeca and f. faste-
giaia); and Moltuen (Vernes) in the Trondhjem Fjord (Sigvald
Schmidt-Nielsen), apparently scarce (f. cwrvirosira). It probably
also occurs along the south-western coast, however, principally but
some few and smaller Lithothamnia are known from there.

Geogr. Distribution. Iceland (Stromfelt); Greenland (Rosen-
vinge)? Britain (Harvey, Johnston, Traill)? The Mediterra-
nean Sea (Ktitzing); the Adriatic Sea (Hauck); the Atlantic coast
of North America (Farlow, Collins).

Lithothamnion crassum Phil.

in Wiegm. Arch. p, 388; Hauck, Meeresalg. p. 273.

f. typica Fosl. mscr.

f. ramis tenuioribus, in parte superiore sepe subcompressis,
non vel parce coalitis.

Fig. Lithothamnion crassum Hauck |. «. t. 1, fig. 1, 3.

f. capitellata Fosl. mscr.

32

f. ramis plerumque crassioribus, validis, valde coalitis, apicibus.
crassis, rotundatis.
Fig. Lithothamnion crassum Hauck 1. c. t. 1, fig. 2.

Syn. Millepora fasciculata Lam. Hist. Anim. 2, p. 311?
Nullipora i Johnst. Brit. Spong. and Lithoph. p. 240, pl. 24,
fig. 6.
5 polymorpha Johnst. 1. c. p. 238; ex parte; t. 24, fig. 1, 3.

Melobesia fasciculata Harv. Phyc. Brit. pl. 74; Man. p. 108; saltem

ex parte.

Spongites crassa Kutz. Tab. Phyc. 19, p. 38, t. 99.

‘ fasciculata Ktitz. Spec. Ale. p. 699; fide syn.

Lithothamnion fasciculatum Aresch. in J. Ag. Spec. Alg. 2, p. 522;

ex parte fide syn.
- Craw inisth yp. wliolee
racemus Aresch. an J. Ag! Ic) pi o21e ii Crnemlcene=
151; Solms Laub. p. 17; ex parte?

Remark on the determination of the species. There can be
no doubt as to the identity of this species. The figure by Kiitzing
l. c. is from a specimen that he got from Philippi himself, and
it on the other hand accords well with Hauck’s description and
figures. Through the kindness of Mad. A. Weber van Bosse
I have had the opportunity to examine three authentic specimens.
from Hauck’s herbarium. Two of these nearly coincide with fig.
1 and 31.c, the above f. typzca, and the third one forming
transition or most nearly related to f. capztellata. The species
seems to be rather varying and probably includes more forms. |,
however, have seen but some few specimens.

Remark on the form and addition to the descpruption of the
species. The form that I apprehend as the typical one is densely
branched, but the branches appear to be rather thin and apparently
less anastomosing, probably most often only in the lower or inner
part, always, however, thickening towards the apex, and especially
here often somewhat compressed, with the ends frequently rather
obtuse or nearly truncate, or even depressed in the centre. This
form has not been found with us.

A solitary specimen from Mandal nearly agreeing with fig. 2
by Hauck lc. I refer to the above f. eapitellata, as well as
another one found washed ashore at Krageré and scantily provided

oo)

with conceptacles of sporangia. The named form is characterized
by its in general apparently more vigorous and coarse branches,
which probably as a rule become much anastomosing and in part
even nearly to the apex, the latter being thick and rounded.

The structure of the frond agrees in the main with that of L.
fruticulosum. ‘The cup-shaped layers of tissue are rather regular.
The inner cells of these layers are about 12—16 » long and 6—8
p-thick, thus in general apparently a little larger, and often a little
thicker in proportion to the length than in the named species.
Overgrown conceptacles are partly scarce partly numerous.

The cystocarpic conceptacles, which are mentioned by Hauck
]. c., are conical, low, and about 400 p» in diameter at the base.
They are at the summit intersected with a canal, which, contrary
to most other species, appear to be formed in a rather advanced
state of the development of the conceptacles, as in others and
apparently nearly fully developed ones the canal was not visible.
I, however, have seen but some few ones in one of Hauck’s
specimens of the typical form. The carpospores are much varying
both in shape and size.

I found conceptacles of sporangia in the above mentioned
specimen of the form capitellata from Hauck’s herbarium. They
are scattered or somewhat crowded towards the apex of the
branches, slightly prominent and in general rather flattened, 350—
450 » in diameter, seldom less. A British specimen mentioned
below has been richly provided with conceptacles of sporangia,
scattered and in part crowded nearly over the whole frond, but it
is dead and the roofs quite dissolved except some few according
to those quoted. However, judging also from the holes after the
conceptacles, they seem to have been a little smaller, or about
350—400 p in diameter. In the above named Norwegian specimen
I also found some similar conceptacles. The canals appear not to
be numerous. I have numbered about 30—40. The sporangia,
of which I have seen but some few, are four-parted and about
160 p» long and 40 p broad. .

Remark on the synonomy. It is a fact, that in Lathotham-
mion the various species have been more confounded and diffe-

A

(62)

rently understood by different authors than in any other genus of
the higher algze. It is, therefore, in many cases impossible, without
having access to original specimens, to determine what an author
has meant by a species recorded. In this respect L. fasciculatum
(Lam.) affords a striking example. It has been very differently
understood, and under this name have been quoted more sharply
distinguished species. Even by Areschoug, the monographer of
the Corallineze, this species is taken in a wide sense probably in-
cluding at least 3—4 species now separated, for inst. L. glaciale,
L. crassum (L. fasciculatum Harv.), L. tophiforme (L. soriferum
Kjellm.) and L. apiculatum. Cp. Kjellm. 1. c. and below under
the named species. The plant to which this name was originally
applied by Lamarck is considered by Kjellman 1. c. to be a
species nearly related to L. tophiforme (L. soriferum), but in some
respects different. It certainly is impossible to know what has
really here been stated. I agree with Kjellman, that the character
,ramis . . . apice incrassatis, obtusis“ does not in general accord
with L. tophiforme, although the last named species includes a
form a little thickened towards the apex of the branches, and the
latter even truncate or nearly truncate. This form I, however,
regard a merely local one, of which I have seen some few speci-
mens from Finmarken. The plant that Kjellman from oral infor-
mation considers to be identic with LZ. fascoculatwm will be men-
tioned under LZ. dimorphum. In my opinion L. (Millepora) fas-
ciculatum Lam. is identic with the present plant, the characters
quoted on the whole pretty well according with certain forms of
this species, and appears to have been apprehended in like manner
by Johnston, Harvey and Crouan.

Melobesia fasciculata Harv. 1 suppose most essentially being
included in the species in question, and is considered by Harvey
himself not unlikely to be the same as L. crassum Phil. It is by
Hauck 1. c. referred to his L. fascoculatum (L. fruticulosum), but
this i think rather to be a slip of the pen. The figure 1 in Phyc.
Brit. 1. c. much reminds one of L. crassum, and fig. 2 appears
also to be a form of the same species, if not, perhaps, more nearly
related to L. incrustans f. Harvey. Besides, Harvey remarks

30

l. ¢., that the branches are ,remarkably truncated at the tips,
which are moreover depressed in the centre. These broad, flat-
tened or subconcave tips are the least variable character of the
species*. So far as my experiences goes, this is not due to any
form of L. fruticulosum, or any other species hitherto known but
LI. erassum, in the latter, however, apparently often occurring. So
also in regard to one of Hauck’s specimens of the typical form.
I got a specimen collected at Falmouth by Mr. R. N. Tellan and
determined by Mr. Batters as L. crassum, also by him considered
in part identic with Harvey's plant. It has a nearly solid central
portion, and the densely crowded and nearly fastigiate, rather
coarse branches are very short and almost simple, with rounded-
thickened ends, and in all most closely connected with the above
f. capitellata.

Nullipora fasciculata Johnst. doubtlessly belongs to the
same series of forms. Cp. 1. c. pl. 24, fig. 6. Besides, probably
also in part his L. polymorphwm. ‘Thus pl. 24, fig. 1 and 3 l.c.
appear likewise to be referrible to the present species.

Of L. fasciculatwm Crn. I have seen some fragments of an
authentic specimen from Crouan’s collection in Museum d'Histoire
Naturelle of Paris. They are, however, too small to be determined.
with certainty, as they are also sterile. The specimen appears to
have been very nearly related to fig. 2 by Harvey 1. c., not
unlikely being a form of the present species, or perhaps referrible
to L. incrustans f. Harvey.

LI. racemus auct. appears to be a very uncertain plant. Hauck,
who has perhaps seen original specimens, refers the form recorded.
by Solms-Laubach 1. c. to L. erassum. The plant, to which
the name was originally applied by Lamarck I. c. p. 311 I,
however, should be most inclined to refer to LZ. fruticulosum.

Relation to other species. As quoted under L. fruticuloswm
these two species are closely related to one another. However, if
the shape and size of the conceptacles of sporangia may prove to
be as a general rule like those described above, the species must
be considered rather well defined. Also L. crasswm appears to
show some affinity to certain forms of L. glaciale, but is separated.

36

by essential characteristics. It apparently sometimes even approaches
L. incrustans {, Harveyt in habit.

Habitat. Unknown to me. The specimens found with us
are picked up from the sublitoral region, or found washed ashore.
It bears sporangia in summer.

Occurrence. Only known from the most southern part of the
coast, gathered at Mandal (Wille) and at Kragerd.

Geogr. Disiribution. Britain (Johnston, Harvey, R. N.
Tellan); the Atlantic coast of France (Crouan)? The Mediter-
ranean Sea (Philippi); the Adriatic Sea (Hauck).})

Lithothamnion fornicatum Fosl.

Contrib. Il, p. 3; excl. var.

f. typica Fosl. mscr.
Deser. Lithothamnion fornicatum Fosl. |. ¢c.; excl. var.
Fig. 5 _ : PB ta 2) (Once):

f. robusta Fosl. mscr.

f. ramis subcylindricis vel seepe parum incrassatis, 3—5 mm.
crassis, apicibus obtusis vel interdum truncatis. Tab. 9. :

Addition to the description of the species. 1 recorded 1. c.,
that the conceptacles of sporangia in this species do not grow
down into the frond. I then examined several specimens destitute
of grown-in organs of that kind. Later, however, I found such
ones in small number especially in the form robusta, but also in
f. typica, although they appear frequently not to be found. This
may partly depend thereon, that probably old specimens of the
plant in all rather seldom develop reproductive organs, partly that
the conceptacles of sporangia apparently do not occur in the same
individuals bearing those of cystocarps, which do not become over-
grown. Besides, the whole roof of the conceptacles of sporangia
seems easily to fall away, although they are very little prominent
and the roof apparently nearly as thick as in L. fruticuloswm, and

1) Aftér this was in the hands of the printer I got some Lithothamnia from
Mr. P. Hariot of Paris, gathered on the coast of California. Among these
is a specimen of the present species, according with Adriatic specimens of
f. typica. It will be recorded in a separate paper.

oy

in such cases the conceptacles perhaps do not grow down. In
one specimen I found numerous small and disc-shaped, slightly
projecting, whitish and easily dissolvable processes which probably
are local formations that efface scars after emptied conceptacles,
but do not accord with similar formations that frequently occur in
this and other species, and I do not know whether they may have
been conceptacles of sporangia or cystocarps, probably, however,
the former. I have occasionally seen scars after filled concevtacles
on a section, overlapped by a new thickening layer of the frond.

What I have named f. typica is represented in Contrib. 1. c.
pl. 2 (not the specimen under the same name on pl. 1) and is in
a full-grown stage easily recognized. But on the other hand it is
rather varying and assumes more or less irregular forms in its
struggle for existence, with more irregular and more anastomosing
branches bearing more numerous smaller and wart-like or occasio-
nally longer and branch-like processes, or even showing a tendency
to form smaller bundles. The branches frequently are 2.5—3
mm. thick.

The form robusta perhaps ought to be considered a separate
species, but in the materials at my disposal, with nearly all the
Specimens sterile, | have not succeeded in drawing any true limit.
Nor have | seen old specimens of this form, but in its development
at least it very nearly accords with f. typica, and the reproductive
organs appear to be similar in both, but the branches frequently
are much coarser, more regular, with smoother surface.

Also this form is in general at first fastened to shells, forming
a very thin crust, which soon produces densely crowded protu-
berances growing out into short branches divided in a subdichoto-
mous manner. By and by it completely surrounds the object and
becomes subspherical or hemispherical, attaining a diameter of about
15 cm., at length loosening itself and lies free on the bottom. The
crust always is thin, never, so far as I have seen, increasing in
thickness, but on the contrary by and by disappearing. The plant
has, like the typical form, a tendency to get hollow and opening
itself in the part turning towards the bottom, which, however, ap-

parently is advanced by attack by boring-muscles entering the central
4*

38

portion. Pl. 9, fig. 1 represents a specimen which is hollow, but
has not yet opened itself, and fig. 3 a younger specimen nearly
covering the one half of a muscle (Mytilus modiolus). The other
(lower) half not visible in the figure is in part covered with Z.
delapsum described below, and both species grow over an earlier
founded specimen of L. Strémfeltu. Hollow, or in the lower side
opened or cup-shaped specimens are here much rubbed and the
interwalls between the branch-systems visible. The subdichoto-
mously divided branches are short, with axes of at least two
orders, probably more, but the lower have always disappeared in
older specimens. They are terete or nearly terete, erect, fastigiate
and straight, 3—5 mm. thick, frequently slightly enlarged towards
the apex, seldom slightly tapering with rounded ends, most often
obtuse and occasionally truncate or nearly truncate. The branches
are more or less anastomosing, always in their lower part, but
often also farther up and nearly to the apex, at or below the latter
now and then provided with wart-like processes.

There is a considerable difference in general appearance be-
tween typically developed specimens with the tip of the branches
obtuse or rounded and those, in which the apex is truncate and
even rather disc-shaped. Cp. pl. 9, fig. 4. This appears, however,
to be caused by local relations, the part of the plant turning to-
wards the bottom, or other branches of such specimens showing
a typical development without any limit at all. I, therefore, do
not record this form a separate and named one.

The named form as well as the typical also develops freely
on the bottom. In this case it is branched from the centre, the
branches more or less anastomosing eSpecially outwards, and it
also then gets hollow and at length cup-shaped, but apparently in
a later stage than if surrounding other objects, or keeping a spherical
shape for a longer time, if too much attacked by boring-muscles.
Ely Sh sila 2,

With regard to structure both forms agree with one another.
The inner cells of a section parallel with the longitudinal axis of
a branch are nearly squarish or rectangular, frequently about 10
/ long and 6 p thick, or a little shorter in proportion to the thickness

39

than for inst. in LZ. fruticulosum. The regular stratification does
not become much disturbed by burried conceptacles, which, as
remarked, partly appear to be wanting, especially in f. typzca,
partly and most often to be found only in the peripherical portion
of the branches, very seldom in any great number.

I have seen but few conceptacles of sporangia. They rather
resemble those in L. fruticuloswm, and are scattered or somewhat
crowded in the upper part of the branches, convex but very little
prominent, about 250—300 p in diameter seen from the surface,
and not sharply marked. The sporangia are tetrasporic, 120—130
» long and 40—55 p broad.

The conceptacles of cystocarps, of which I have also seen but
few, appear in other individuals than the first named organs. They
are conical, frequently rather low, but higher than in DL. frutecu-
losum and apparently not fully developed, about 400 » in diameter
at the base. Besides I met with a couple of smaller ones, together
with the former and of the same shape as these, but only about
200 » in diameter at the base. They probably are conceptacles
of antheridia.

A couple of specimens found washed ashore at Krageré pro-
bably belong to this species.. They are fragmentary, but appear to
coincide with L. fornicatum in development. The branches are
3—4 mm. in thickness, fastigiate, in one here and there somewhat
rubbed also in the part that has turned upwards, in another with
occasionally slightly compressed branches and the surface smooth.
However, some newly emptied conceptacles of sporangia are more
sharply marked than appear to be usual in the present species and
frequently about 300 y in diameter, sometimes less sometimes a
little more. As remarked above I certainly have seen but some
few conceptacles of sporangia in this species, and it may be, that
they were not fully developed, although at least some of the
sporangia themselves appeared to be so, and apparently not larger
than above quoted, judging from scars after emptied ones.

fielation to other species. This species shows greater affinity
to L. fruticulosum, but it on the other hand distinguishes itself

AO

by essential characteristics even in a sterile stage. Cp. the three
following species.

Habitat. In the only certain locality hitherto known it forms
banks on a depth of 3—5 fathom, in a current in the inner part
of a fjord, in company with other species. Among numerous speci-
mens collected in the later half of September only a couple were
provided with reproductive organs in development, or partly sho-
wing scars after emptied conceptacles of sporangia and cystocarps.

Occurrence. Found at Mestervik in Malangen (Troms6 Amt),
local but abundant. A sterile and fragmentary specimen gathered
in the middle of June at Lyngé near Troms6 probably belongs to
the same species. So also a couple of specimens found cast on
shore at KragerO on the south coast.

Lithothamnion dimorphum Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde libera in fundo jacente, sphzerica vel subspheerica,
roseo-purpurea, decomposito-subdichotome ramosa, ramis e centro
solido, exiguo, undique egredientibus, uno alterove ramulo brevis-
simo preeditis, plus minus coalitis, teretibus vel subcompressis,
subeequalibus vel apicem versus parum incrassatis, vel interdum
attenuatis, 2—2.5 mm. crassis, fastigiatis, apicibus in parte thalli
inferiore plerumque obtusis vel truncatis vel interdum rotundatis,
in parte superiore plerumque truncatis vel interdum obtusis vel
demum disciformibus; conceptaculis sporangiferis convexiusculis vel
seepe plano-convexis, parum prominentibus, infra apices ramorum
creberrimis, a superficie visis diametro 400—450 4; sporangiis
quaternas sporas foventibus, 100—140 p longis, 40—60 yp latis.
Alaina: :

Description of the species. The frond is in a younger stage
rather regularly spherical, but older occasionally getting somewhat
compressed, or forming subspherical or nearly hemispherical masses,
that attain a diameter of 10 cm., more commonly, however, about
8 cm. The colour is in winter, or the darker time of the year,
a dark pink with a purplish tinge, and nearly the same shade of
colour as deep-water specimens of ZL. tophiforme. In summer, on
he contrary, it gets much bleached, like most other Lithothamnia

4]

growing in shallow water, the part of the plant turning upwards
whitish or brownish-yellow, and the part turning towards the
bottom in general slightly darker, with a rather feeble rosy tinge,
seldom any stronger colour, but occasionally here and there getting
a little darker in drying, if dried in the shade, or under cover. It
apparently always develops itself freely on the bottom. Among
numerous specimens that I have seen, I have not met with any
fastened to or encompassing a stone or any other harder object.
Most of the specimens examined have been attacked by boring-
muscles especially in the centre of the frond and partly hollowed.
However, the solid central mass appears always to be insignificant,
but an anastomose of the branches often takes place in a rather
early stage of development. The frond is repeatedly subdichoto-
mously branched, with axes of at least three orders, and the lower
axes frequently rather long. The branch-systems issue in all direc-
tions from the centre of the frond. In typically developed speci-
mens the branches are erect, fastigiate and straight, terete or a little
compressed, either cylindrical or slightly enlarged towards the tip,
more seldom feebly tapering in the part turned towards the bottom,
2—2.5 mm. in diameter, here and there furnished with short branch-
like or wart-like processes. In others, and especially if much
attacked by animals, the branches are rather irregular, somewhat
bent and more anastomosing. They are in the part of the plant
turned downwards occasionally a little spreading, and not so regu-
larly level-topped as in the part turned upwards, or in typically
developed specimens. The ends are, as a rule, in the first named
part obtuse, or here and there truncate, seldom thoroughly truncate
(pl. 10, fig. 2—4), but sometimes rounded especially in somewhat
spreading branched specimens. In the part turning upwards they
are nearly always at least partly truncate, or even disc-shaped.
Pl. 10, fig. 1, 5. In this part the tip of the branches may occa-
sionally be rather denudated, sometimes even in the lower part of
the plant, but now and then developing wart-like processes from
a truncate or denudated apex. Pl. 10, fig. 5—6.

As remarked above, the plant nearly always is attacked by
animals, especially boring-muscles destroying the central portions,

42

sometimes even nearly towards the peripherical portion, and then
the branches often become still denser and more anastomosed than
if not or only a little attacked. Pl. 10, fig. 3. Therefore, it fre-
quently becomes rather hollowed, or the cavity filled with boring-
muscles, seldom intersected, but occasionally opened either in the
part turned upwards or in the lower part and rubbed, or even
getting a nearly cup-shaped form, and the interwalls between the
branch-systems visible from this side. However, this appears only
to be caused by the animals, in part together with the compres-
sing and denudating influence of rapid tides, as the plant apparently
not exhibits any tendency to open and to develop itself in this
direction, like some other Lithothamnia. In such specimens the
branches of the peripherical portion around the opening often get
rather denudated, so that only the half of a branch or less may
be left in a longitudinal direction of the axis, which also appears
to be caused by the influence of the water, and so also partly in
regard to the much varying shape of the tip of the branches. The
surface of the frond is in general smooth, sometimes, however, the
apex of the branches, or other and especially denudated parts of
the plant are furnished with scaly thickenings, or new local for-
mations of tissue.

The structure of the frond frequently appears to be a little
coarser than for inst. in LD. fornecatum. The cup-shaped layers
of tissue are, in a longitudinal section of a branch, shown to be
distinct and rather regular, if not too much disturbed by the bur-
ried conceptacles of sporangia. The inner cells of the named layers
are about 12—16 p long and 6—8 yp thick.

I have seen but some few specimens bearing conceptacles of
sporangia, and I have not met with cystocarpic ones. ‘The first
named organs occupy a frequently sharply defined zone below the
tip of the branches, and apparently most often in great numbers, .
as in L. tophiforme, and the roofs’ sometimes even confluent, often
much resembling the conceptacles in the latter, however, in general
a little smaller, or 400—450 p in diameter, seldom less. In a
younger stage of development they are convex, very little promi-
nent and not distinctly marked, and, therefore, easily confounded

43

with the conceptacles of other species, especially L. fruticulosum,
as they in this stage sometimes look apparently fully developed.
However, fully developed ones are distinctly marked and more
easily perceptible than in most other species, but slightly convex
and little prominent, the central portion or greater part of the roof
being frequently somewhat flattened, and traversed by 60—70
muciferous canals.

The conceptacles finally grow down into the frond, and are
frequently to be found in the peripherical portion of a branch,
sometimes numerous and crowded, sometimes very scarce, the latter
probably being connected with the fact, that the roofs are thin
and easily dissolvable, and, therefore, often falling away, leaving
nearly cup-shaped scars with somewhat elevated edges. Such
scars occasionally become effaced by local formations of tissue,
and these formations again covered with a new thickening layer
of the frond, so that they are visible on a section as small cup-
shaped layers of about half the size of an overgrown conceptacle.
The sporangia are four-parted, about 100—140 » long and 40—60
p broad. I have seen but some few ones.

elation to other species. The present species on the one
side appears to be rather nearly related to L. fruticulosuwm f. fa-
siigiatad and on the other side rather approaching L. dehiscens.
Younger as well as sterile specimens may be confounded with the
first named form. It is, however, separated thereby, that it never
forms lobes, the branches frequently being coarser, with longer
axes and less anastomosing, and the conceptacles of sporangia are
different. It is more easily confused with certain and younger
forms of L. dehiscens described below, but separated in its develop-
ment and other characters quoted under this species. In habit it
occasionally even reminds one of younger individuals of L. form-
catum, but is separated by essential characteristics.

A fragment of a specimen from an unknown locality kindly
transmittet to me by Prof. Kjellman, from oral informations sup-
posed by him perhaps to be identic with L. fasciculatum (Lam.)
Aresch., very closely accords with the species in question. It may
be, that this one is the same as described by Lamarck under the

4A

above name, and perhaps also included in Areschoug’s L. fasci-
culatum, which comprehends more species, but, as remarked under
L. crassum, 1 am most inclined to refer Lamarck’s plant to the
latter. ‘The named fragment is sterile, apparently branched in the
same manner as L. dimorphum, the branches being of the same
thickness as in the latter, with truncate tips. I found a solitary
sporangium in an overgrown conceptacle also agreeing with that
of the last named species, tetrasporic and about 90 p» long and
40 p broad.

Habitat. The plant lives on sandy and stony bottom, from
a little below extreme low-water mark to a depth of about 3.
fathom, hitherto with certainty only found in a sheltered sound
with rather rapid tides. Specimens gathered in January were partly
sterile partly richly furnished with conceptacles of sporangia, most
of which emptied, and others with ripe sporangia. Among nume-
rous specimens collected in the former half of July a couple are
provided with the named organs in development.

Occurrence. The only known locality is Fréjen (Rottingsundet)
in S6ndre Trondhjem’s Amt, local but abundant and forming banks.

Lithothamnion dehiscens Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde libera in fundo jacente, subglobosa, hemispheerica
vel demum cava, fornicata, roseo-purpurea, irregulariter subdicho-
tome ramosa, ramis initio e centro solido, exiguo, undique egredi-
entibus, demum inferioribus erasis, uno alterove ramulo brevissimo
preeditis, preecipue superioribus plus minus coalitis, teretibus, 2 mm.
crassis; conceptaculis sporangiferis convexiusculis, at parum pro-
minentibus, infra apices ramorum plerumque creberrimis, a superficie
visis diametro 300—350 p; conceptaculis cystocarpiferis et anthe-
ridiferis conicis, acutis, his diametro 250—300 yp, illis 400—500 uw.
Sporangiis quaternas sporas foventibus, 120—180 p» longis, 45—80
p- latis.

f. typica Fosl. mscr.

f. ramis subzequalibus vel in parte thalli inferiore seepe subat-
tenuatis, apicibus rotundatis vel obtusis, parte superiore fastigiatis, —
apicibus plerumque obtusis. Tab. 11—12.

45

f. grandifrons Fosl. mscr.
f. ramis superioribus fasciculos minutos, confertos, e ramis
brevissimis compositos formantibus. Tab. 13.

Description of the species. This plant is much varying, and,
in the sense here taken, it perhaps includes more than one species,
but nearly all the specimens that I have seen are sterile and, there-
fore, the limits difficult to draw. Like the preceding it in a younger
stage also has a nearly spherical shape, but it apparently sooner
becomes subhemispherical, at length hollow and assumes a cup-
shaped appearance. It attains a diameter of at least 50 cm., fre-
quently, however, smaller, the form grandifrons in general larger
than the typical one, but also the latter attains a considerable size.
The colour accords with that of Z. dimorphum, in winter probably
also getting as dark as this species, however, in summer now and
then with a stronger colour than specimens of the named species
at the same season, but apparently only depending on the locality
where it grows. I have even seen specimens. with a yellowish-
green colour, thus in this respect much varying. The species ap-
parently always develops itself freely on the bottom. Although
often growing on stony bottom I never met with it fastened to or
encompassing stones or other hard objects. The frond is some-
what. irregularly branched in a subdichotomous manner, with axes
of at least four orders. The branch-systems at first issue in all
directions from the centre of the frond, and the solid central mass
appears always to be insignificant. In a more or less advanced
stage the central or inner portions by and by disappear, which,
however, may be forced by attack of animals, the peripherical
portion developed in a more horizontal direction, and the plant
opening itself in the part turning towards the bottom, seldom in
the upper part, at length assuming a frequently depressed cup-
shaped form, rubbed in the part turned downwards, with the inter-
walls between the branch-systems visible from this side, most often
subcircular in circumference, and then only about 2 cm. thick.
The figure on pl. 11 represents an old but fragmentary specimen,
the longest diameter about 32 cm., depressed cup-shaped and rub-
bed in the part that has turned towards the bottom, here burdened

46

with numerous shells of Balanide, Serpula and other animals.
Sometimes it is intersected in the middle, or even assuming a more
or less whorl-shaped appearence. PI. 12, fig. 2.

There is a considerable difference between younger individuals,
or such branched from the centre of the frond, spherical or hemi-
spherical, and old ones with the lower branch-systems disappeared,
depressed cup-shaped or sometimes nearly flattened. In the former
the branches are more or less bent, or even somewhat contorted,
especially in the lower part not or only a little, but in the upper
part always more or less anastomosing. In the latter the axes
are very short, always much anastomosing, and even the upper-
most part of the branches in old specimens often somewhat denu-
dated. The branches are 2 mm. in diameter, or less, sometimes
in the part of not opened specimens turned towards the bottom
slightly attenuating, with rounded or obtuse ends (pl. 12, fig. 1),
and in the part turned upwards either cylindrical, here and there
bearing short branch-like or wart-like processes, or, more frequently,
slightly enlarged apex, or towards the apex, more regularly fasti-
giate than in the lower part, and the ends as a rule obtuse, more
seldom nearly truncate, the latter also being due to the upwards
turned part of old and cup-shaped specimens of f. typica. Pl. 11.

In the form grandifrons the uppermost branches form minute
and rather densely crowded bundles, composed of very short, more
or less anastomosing branches and wart-like processes. Pl. 13,
fig. 1—2. These branches are often rather thin, sometimes even
but 1 mm., the bundles occasionally rather depressed, or in part
denudated, with wart-like processes issuing from the denudated and
often more or less truncate bundles. Cp. Pl. 13, fig. 3, seen from
the side that has turned towards the bottom. In the part that has
turned upwards it is rather rubbed and the branches somewhat
coarser, here and there denudated. Of this form I only have seen
old or rather old specimens. It appears, as if the named bundles
are not unfrequently developed from an older and somewhat denu-
dated frond, rather reminding one of the new branches developed
from the lower and rubbed part of other specimens. It is in its
typical form rather characteristic, but on the other hand apparently

47

little independent, and, perhaps, it might merely be regarded as a
monstrosity than a difference of type. In this as well as the typi-
cal form the edges of a hollow and in the lower part opened
Specimen, partly involucrated partly not, often grow inwards and
by and by replenish the opening, forming a somewhat concave
base. However, now and then the plant may open itself in the
part turning upwards. So also in regard to old and cup-shaped
Or whorl-shaped individuals. Even here the edges often grow in-
wards, or new but frequently short branches issue from the lowe r
and more or less rubbed part of the plant, by and by even deve-
loping more vigorous branch systems, though frequently composed
of short and thinner branches.

I met with a form growing in very dense banks and closely
related to the typical form of this species, partly in the same partly
in another locality than the latter. It keeps a hemispherical shape
for a longer time and often not opening itself or getting hollow,
but the lower part even developed more downwards than usual
and on the other hand rather rubbed and denudated in the part
that has turned upwards, or here even concave, often with some-
What coarser, very dense and upwards much anastomosing bran-
ches, with obtuse ends. In the part that has turned towards the
bottom and otherwise it accords with f. typica, therefore, I do not
record it an independent, but merely a local form of the species,
caused thereby that the individuals have been closely heaped
together.

“\ coarser form from Hus6 inSogn may perhaps be referrible
to this species. 1, however, have seen but two fragmentary, stunted
and in the part turned upwards somewhat denudated specimens,
collected in a ,,deep litoral lagoon“ by P. Boye. As they also
are sterile, they cannot be determined with any degree of certainty.

With reference to the structure the present plant most nearly
accords with L. dimorphum or the species resembling it. In a
longitudinal section of a branch the cup-shaped layers of tissue
are distinct and pretty regular, with the inner cells frequently rect-
angular, 1O—15 p» long and 6—9 yp. broad.

The conceptacles of sporangia are partly somewhat scattered

48

in the upper part of the branches partly and apparently more often
densely crowded near the apex, or forming a border around the:
branches at or a little below the apex. They even sometimes are
so densely crowded, that the roofs become angular, and in all
rather resembling those of LZ. dimorphum, but smaller and, as in
the latter, in a younger stage easily confounded with conceptacles
of other species. They are slightly convex and little prominent,
but never, so far as I have seen, flattened in the central portion,
as often is the case in the named species, the roof 300—350 #
in diameter, seldom more. The sporangia are four-parted, 120—
180 » long and 45—80 » broad. Among numerous specimens
collected in summer only some few were furnished with these
organs.

The named conceptacles at length become overgrown, com-
monly to be found only in the peripherical portion of a branch,
but always in less numbers than in the preceding species, and in
several specimens examined I have not found older grown-in or-
gans of this kind. This probably is in part caused thereby, that .
the roof is rather thin and easily dissolvable, though apparently
thicker than in L. dimorphum, and often falling away. I more
frequently met with overgrown conceptacles effaced by local forma-
tions of tissue than in the named species, and in the same manner
as mentioned under this one. Besides, the conceptacles of anthe-
ridia and cystocarps appear not to be found in the same individual
bearing conceptacles of sporangia. These organs do not as a rule
become overgrown, although now and then only the upper part
of the roof falls away at maturity, the rest perhaps partly being
filled with local formations of tissue partly not, and the whole
covered with a new thickening layer of the frond, as remarked in
regard to the conceptacles of sporangia.

The cystocarpic conceptacles are conical, acute, 400—500
in diameter at the base. They are up to 300 p» high, with a single
orifice, but the upper portion easily falls away, then forming a
low, nearly hemispherical or sometimes even convex conceptacle,
in the middle intersected with a coarser canal about 30 p in dia-
meter, and at maturity this middle portion first falls away, and

49

then often resembles emptied conceptacles of sporangia, later as
a tule the whole roof. The conceptacles are in a median section
internally about 300 y in diameter at the base and about 100 p
high. The carpospores appear to be much varying, about 85 p
long and 35 » broad.

The organs that I suppose to be conceptacles of antheridia
fully resemble the cystocarpic conceptacles in shape, and occur in
the same individual bearing the latter. They are 250—300 p in
diameter at the base and up to 200 p» high. In a median section
I found them to be about 230 p» in diameter at the base and 80
p high, and also here the upper and thicker portion at least some
times falls away. I have not seen the spermatia.

fielaiion to other species. It in some sespects stands near to
LL. dimorphum, and younger individuals, or not opened ones may
easily be confounded with that species. It is, however, separated
by its branches being in general thinner and less regular, and the
ends seldom or not at all truncate, being a much larger plant.
Besides, it differs with reference to the development of the frond,
as well as the conceptacles of sporangia. The species may also
be confounded with certain forms of L. fruticuloswm, and in habit
sometimes rather resembling the form fastzgeata of that species.
This, however, is only due to younger individuals. Older or cup-
shaped ones are quite different, and merely showing closer affinity
to L. fornicatum, from which it is separated by its thinner branches,
coarser structure, frequently larger conceptacles of sporangia and
apparently different cystocarpic conceptacles.

Habitat. The species grows in the uppermost part of the
sublitoral region on a depth of 1—4 fathom, on stony and some-
what clayish bottom. It apparently prefers places with rather rapid
tides. The very greatest number of specimens collected in July
were sterile, some few ones partly scantily, partly more richly
furnished with conceptacles of sporangia, some of which were
emptied and others with ripe sporangia. Other specimens taken
in July and August were richly provided with conceptacles of cy-
stocarps and probably also antheridia, partly emptied and partly in

50

development. It frequently appears to form widely extended and
more or less dense banks.

Occurrence. Herd in Helgeland, rather local but abundant
(Kr. Schreiner); Hestver at Froderne in Sondre Trondhjem’s Amt,
local but abundant; the Skjérn Fjord (a branch of the Trondhjem.
Fjord), rather local but abundant, forming great banks especially
at ,,Dalséren™.

Lithothamnion delapsum Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde initio circum lapides vel conchas effusa, demum
libera, fornicata, parte centrali solida vel lobata, vel demum crustam.
tenuissimam formante, ramis brevissimis, subdichotome ramosis,
plerumque valde coalitis, 1—1.5 mm. crassis instructa, apicibus.
obtusis; conceptaculis sporangiferis convexiusculis vel seepe plano-
convexis, parum prominentibus, a superficie visis diametro 350—
400 »; sporangiis (binas sporas foventibus?) 120—160 p longis,
40—60 yp. latis.

f. abbreviata Fosl. mscr.

f. ramis confertis, fastigiatis. Tab. 14, fig. 1—3.

f. conglutinata Fosl. mscr.
f. ramis fasciculos breves, minores formantibus. Tab. 14, fig. 4.

Syn. Lithothamnion fornicatum var. Fosl. Contrib. 2. p. 5, t. 1.

Remark on the species. In Contrib. 1. c. I mentioned under
L. fornicatum a couple of forms partly reminding one of and
growing together with the named species partly approaching JL.
Ungert (L. fruticulosum in the present paper), and one of these:
were figured |. c. The organs of propagation then were unknown
in both. By closer examination of these specimens | found con-
ceptacles of sporangia, and I also found the latter growing down
into the frond. These forms I here record as a distinct species,
but I am not sure whether they ought not, perhaps, to be consi-
dered as two separate species, as they somewhat differ in their
development. However, judging from the scanty materials at my
disposal they seem to belong to one and the same species.

Description of the form of the species. The form abbreviata

Dll

in its development fully accords with. LZ. fornicatwm. It at first
fastens itself to, encompasses or nearly encompasses shells, stones
or Other hard objects, being closely and firmly attached to its
substratum. Pl. 14, fig. 2. It forms a thin crust, or now and
then smaller lobes, from which issue short and simple, or once or
twice divided branches, with very short axes, much anastomosing
in their lower part. Sometimes the crust increases in thickness,
though never much, but apparently more frequently getting thinner
or disappearing, which not unlikely is caused by attack of animals.
The plant by and by gets hollow, loosens itself from the substratum
(pl. 14, fig. 3) and at length assumes a more or less depressed
cup-shaped form, attaining a diameter of up to 25 cm. PI. 14,
fig. 1. The inner or lower side of such specimens partly becomes
somewhat rubbed, so that the interwalls here and there are visible
from this side, partly and probably more commonly is still provi-
ded with a thin crust, or a new and in part local crust-like for-
mation developed from this side. In the part turning upwards the
branches always are short and much anastomosing, especially in
younger specimens often looking like simple and short processes
issuing from an apparently rather thick crust-like hypothallus, ho-
wever, in the main composed of anastomosed branches or pro-
cesses. The edges of opened specimens sometimes bend and grow
inwards, and together with branches afterwards developed from
the inner or lower side of the plant by and by appear to replenish
at least a part of the cavity or concave base. The branches or
processes are terete and cylindrical, seldom slightly attenuating to-
wards the tip, straight and fastigiate, in general 1—1.5 mm. thick,
with obtuse or thickened obtuse ends.

A solitary and sterile specimen, in habit as well as in structure
fully agreeing with the named form, seems to have developed itself
freely on the bottom. «It is nearly hemispherical, the longest dia-
meter about 15, the shortest about 9 cm., but the central portions
fully destroyed and filled by numerous boring-muscles leaving a
peripherical portion about 1—1.5 cm. in thickness. The branches
of this portion are much anastomosing. Thus it appears, as if

52

also this species in certain cases keeps its spherical shape for a
longer time, if much attacked by animals.

The form conglutinata is characterized by its more or less
remoted, short bundles composed of very short and much anasto-
mosed branches and wart-like processes. ‘The crust partly some-
what increases in thickness, though apparently not more than up
to about 3 mm., or the central portions of not opened specimens
forms lobes, from which the named bundles issue. Pl. 14, fig. 4
represents a specimen forming rather coarse lobes, with a smaller
cavity in the part that has turned towards the bottom, looking,
however, as if a larger cavity has been nearly replenished. An-
other and cup-shaped specimen is provided with a distinct and
about 3 mm. thick crust, with new and crust-like formations in
the part turned downwards, and in the part turned upwards with
short branches or wart-like processes, or small bundles. Two other
and cup-shaped specimens apparently stand between f. abbreviata
and f. lobata. The part turned upwards most closely resembles
the latter, forming, however, more indistinct bundles, but the lower
part is Sometimes furnished with a thin crust, sometimes rubbed,
or here and there with new branches in development.

The colour is a light pink with a purplish tinge, which after-
wards often passes into faint brownish-yellow.

A longitudinal section of a branch shows partly rather distinct
partly undistinct cup-shaped layers of tissue, with the inner cells
about 1O—14 p long and 6—8 p broad.

The conceptacles of sporangia are sometimes scattered, some-
times rather densely crowded especially somewhat below the tip
of the branches. They are convex, but very little prominent, often
scarcely raised above the surface of the frond and rather flattened.
The circular roof is 350—400 p in diameter, occasionally even a
little more. It is intersected with 45—60 mauciferous canals. Over-
grown conceptacles are partly numerous partly scarce. Also in
this species I have seen some few filled with local formations of
tissue, but the roof is apparently not so easily to be dissolved as
for inst. in L. dehiscens, and, therefore, probably nearly all the
conceptacles become overgrown. The sporangia appear to be two-

De

parted. I certainly did not meet with a great many, but those I
have seen in superficial as well as overgrown conceptacles were
bisporic. However, it may be, that they were not fully developed,
and in such cases the partition cannot be stated with certainty
until a greater number of conceptacles in different specimens have
been examined. Thus in other species I have seen several not
fully developed sporangia growing down into the frond together
with the conceptacles, and overgrown ones very likely never have
been mature. Often I have also seen two-parted and apparently
fully developed sporangia in superficial conceptacles of species, by
which the named organs typically are tetrasporic, and, as remarked
before, such ones have probably in fact not been fully developed.
The sporangie are in both the above forms about 120—160 p» long
and 40—60 p broad.

Relation to other species. The form abbreviata shows greater
affinity to L. fornicatwm, and cup-shaped specimens, rubbed in
the lower part, may without closer examination be confounded
with smaller specimens of that species bearing thinner branches
than usual. It appears, on the other hand, to be more nearly
connected with the preceding species, and particularly through the
form represented by the above mentioned freely developed specimen
it exibits close relation at least to younger specimens of this spe-
cies. It, however, differs by its branches being thinner than general
in L. dehiscens, frequently larger and flattened conceptacles and,
above all, by its tendency to form a crust-like hypothallus. Still,
younger individuals of f. abbreviata as well as the form congluti-
nata much reminds one of certain forms of L. fruteculoswm, the
former rather resembling L. fruticulosum f. fastigiata or forms
which are most nearly related to this, and the latter in its most
extreme form apparently connected with L. fruteculoswm f. glo-
meratd. However, it is plainly distinct from this species not only
with reference to its development, but the conceptacles of sporangia
also are different. The species probably includes more forms than
the above mentioned.

Habitat. 1 met with this plant in the same bank as L. for-

nicutum and other species, and apparently growing scattered, the
yes

54

bank chiefly composed of the last named species. It appears often
to anastomose with Z. fornicatum, one of the specimens gathered
even nearly encompassed by the latter. Specimens taken in June
and in the later half of September were provided with partly emptied
conceptacles of sporangia partly apparently ripe sporangia. Some
scars a little larger in diameter than the conceptacles of sporangia
seem not unlikely to be those from dissolved cystocarpic con-
ceptacles.

Occurrence. Hitherto only found at Mestervik in Malangen
(Tromse Amt), scarce.

Lithothamnion apiculatum Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde libera vel lapidibus affixa, diametro usque ad 5 cm.,
roseo-purpurea vel dilute rosea, decomposito-ramosa; ramis e centro
solido, exiguo, undique egredientibus, vel omnino liberis vel plus
minus coalitis, interdum parte centrali sublobata, teretibus, sub-
eequalibus, apicibus rotundatis vel plerumque obtusis; conceptaculis
svorangiferis convexiusculis, parum prominentibus, sparsis vel infra
apices ramorum crebris, a superficie visis diametro 200—250 p;
sporangiis quaternas sporas foventibus, 90—110 yp longis, 35—50
p- latis; conceptaculis cystocarpiferis depresso-conicis, apiculatis,
diametro 350—450 p.

f. typica Fosl. mscr.

f. ramis non vel parce coalitis, fastigiatis, apicibus rotundatis
velmobtusis) Wabe lor amie wl 4s

f. parvicocca Fosl. mscr.

f. parte centrali sublobata vel ramos inferne plus minus coa-
litos, superiores nodulos vel fasciculos minutos formanti. Tab. 15,
1 D9.

f. connata Fosl. mscr.
f. parte centrali sublobata vel ramis valde coalitis, brevissimis,
fastigiatis, apicibus obtusis. Tab. 15, fig. 9—13.

f. patula Fosl. mscr.
Descr. Lithothamnion norvegicum f. globulata Fosl. Contrib. II, p. 7.

Eig. ” y 5 my eG te Sh, ies, 7/8 allo, iavOSIKE.
15, fig. 14—19.

‘ heer
5 ss)

55

Syn. Lithothamnion fasciculatum Aresch. Obs. Phyc. 3, p. 5; ex parte
sec. spec.

Remark on the species. In Contrib. 1. c. I recorded a Litho-
thamnion under the name of L. norvegicum f. globulata, considering
it to be a form of the named species analogous to the form glo-
bosa of L. tophiforme (L. soriferum). Later I met with the same
form also at other places together with another one, that consti-
tutes the typical form of an undescribed species, the above L.
apieulatum, to which the named f. globulata (the above f. patula)
appears to be more closely related than to L. norvegicum (L.
corallowdes in the present paper), taking the latter in a more con-
fined sense than then. On the other hand it is not unlikely that
this form may perhaps be the type of a separate species, as in
some particulars it rather differs from typical L. apiculatum, al-
though it in habit as well as structure is very difficult to distinguish
from the latter, but the reproductive organs are not yet well known,
the cystocarpic conceptacles even unknown.

Description of the form of the species. The limits between
most of the above quoted forms are not easily drawn, as inter-
mediate forms nearly as often appear to occur as typically deve-
loped specimens of the one or other form, but the latter are on
the other hand so well marked, that they ought to be specially
mentioned. What I consider to be the typical form of the species,
forms spherical or nearly spherical balls, freely developed on the
bottom, seldom fastened to or encompassing smaller stones. It
attains a diameter of 5 cm., frequently, however, about 3 cm.
The colour partly is a darker partly a lighter pink, more or less
fading in drying, now and then with a purplish tinge, or even
rosy. The solid central mass always.-is insignificant, and ramifi-
cation sets in at an early stage of growth. The frond is branched
partly in a subdichotomous manner partly more irregular, with
axes of two or three orders. The upper branch-systems sometimes
are arranged obpyramidal. In typically developed specimens the
branches are erect, fastigiate and straight, in others they are some-
what bent, but always fastigiate, often furnished with some wart-
like process. They are terete or nearly terete, either cylindrical

56

or slightly tapering, or a little enlarged towards the tip, with the
ends rounded or more frequently obtuse or nearly obtuse, 1.2—
1.8 mm. in diameter. Now and then the branches anastomose
below, but more often they are free in the central portions and
somewhat anastomosed in the peripherical portion of the frond, or
not anastomosing at all. Pi. 15, fig. i—4. The surface of the
frond is partly rather smooth partly and most frequently provided
with local, scaly thickenings especially in the upper part of the
branches.

The form parvicocca is nearly connected with the typical form.
It differs by its more anastomosing branches, the central portions
often forming smaller lobes or coarse and somewhat lobe-like
branches, from which issue small bundles of brachlets, or the upper
branches bearing more or less numerous smaller and wart-like
PROCeESSCSH a ely alo. iS oes

Another form probably belonging to the same species is f.
connata. It often fastens itself to or encompasses small stones.
It is less branched and the branches are shorter than in the typi-
cal form, much anastomosing especially in the lower part, or it
forms a rather solid central portion or smaller lobes. The branches
frequently are slightly enlarged towards the tip, fastigiate and often
furnished with some wart-like process. The ends are as a rule
ObLuses: Rip io. tees9 Salts:

The form patula on the one side is closely connected with
the typical form in habit, and the limits often nearly impossible to
draw, but on the other side showing transition to f. connata, also
being difficult to distinguish from this form. It forms small spheri-
cal or nearly spherical masses about 2 cm. in diameter. The solid
central portion is insignificant and the branches more or less
Spreading, but in general rather straight, fastigiate or nearly fasti-
giate, slightly thickened towards the tip, seldom a little tapering,
and most frequently with obtuse ends. Pl. 15, fig. 14—19. Ho-
wever, the branches often are more crowded, forming transition
to f. typica, anastomosing below or even nearly towards the apex,
or encompassing small stones, furnished with some wart-like pro-
cess, and such specimens forming transitions to f. connata. The

57

surface of the frond appears commonly to be smoother than in f.
typica, and in all less furnished with local, scaly thickenings than
the other forms. However, this apparently often depends on the
locality where the plant grows, and I met with specimens which
in this respect fully coincide with f. typica. Also in other species
I have seen specimens sometimes quite smooth and rather shining
sometimes furnished with numerous scaly thickenings. These thicke-
nings appear in all to be more common in specimens growing in
shallow water with somewhat clayish bottom, or in places with
rather rapid tides, and wanting or more seldom to be found in
Specimens growing in deeper water with harder bottom.

With reference to the structure the present plant accords in
the main with Z. fruticuloswum and other nearly allied species.
The cup-shaped layers of tissue are, in a longitudinal section of
a branch, more or less regular and rather distinct, and the inner
Gellseare about o__ 10 # lon= and) 5—7/ thick. | Thus’ they are
somewhat shorter in proportion to the thickness than those of the
named species, often being nearly squarish. In f. patula they are
frequently a little coarser than in f. typica, but, so far as I have
Seen, not exceeding 10 p» in length and 7 p in thickness, and any
limit is in this respect impossible to draw, the cells being as a
rule rather varying even in one and the same specimen.

The very greatest number of specimens that I have seen have
been sterile, only some few ones provided with conceptacles of
sporangia or cystocarps. The first named organs are scattered
over the whole frond or somewhat crowded below the tip of the
branches, convex but slightly prominent, more os less distinctly
marked, seen from the surface about 200—250 yp in diameter. In
this respect f. patula somewhat differs from the other forms, as
the conceptacles frequently appear to be a little larger, or up to
300 », which, howewer, now and then also is the case in the
other forms. The roof is intersected whit about 30—40 muciferous
canals, which are rather crowded in the central portion, and espe-
cially in the form patula it appears apt to fall away. Ihave seen
but some few sporangia. The are four-parted, 90—110 p long
and 35—50 p broad.

58

The conceptacles finally grow down into the frond. Over-
grown ones are more common in specimens with a more solid
central portion or much anastomosing branches than in specimens
the branches of which are free, but never to be found in any great
number, often, on the contrary, apparently wanting. I occasionally
met with grown-in organs of that kind filled with local formations
of tissue. In a form of the species standing nearest to f. connata
I found in overgrown conceptacles rather numerous sporangia,
most of which were bisporic, probably not being fully developed
before they grew down together with the conceptacles.

Cystocarpic conceptacles are only known in f. typica and f.
parvicocca. They are conical, low and at the summit abruptly
passing into a short and thin tip, which easily falls away, 350—
450 » in diameter at the base, scattered or somewhat crowded
without any order, sometimes in pairs. I have not seen the car-
pospores.

Remark on the synonomy. A specimen in Areschoug’s
herbarium under the name of L. fasciculatwm | refer to the pre-
sent species. It is scantily provided with conceptacles of sporangia,
collected at Christiansund N. by F.L. Ekman. Cp. Aresch. I. c.

ftelation to other species. It appears to be most closely related
to L. fruticulosum, f. typica analogous to f. typica, f. connata
analogous to f. fastigiata, and f. patula, or an intermediate form
between this one and f. connata analogous to f. nana of that
species, and on the other hand standing between the named spe-
cies and the following one, LZ. gracilescens, the form parvicocca
nearly connected with the latter. The species distinguishes itself
from L. fruticulosum especially by its in general thinner branches
and smaller conceptacles of sporangia, shorter cells and different
conceptacles af cystocarps. It is in all a much smaller plant than
the named one. From JL. gracilescens it is separated by charac-
ters quoted under this species. The form patula in its most ex-
treme form reminds one much of certain forms af L. corralloides.
It is, however, distinguished by its ticker, more straight and more
regular branches, a little coarser structure, as well as a little smaller
conceptacles of sporangia.

ae

59

Habitat. The species lives in the upper part of the sublitoral
region, on a depth of 3—8 fathom. It chiefly is met with in the
fjords, preferring somewhat sheltered places, and is to be found
best developed on hard bottom. It partly grows scattered partly
forming smaller banks together with other species. Specimens
collected in July, September and October have been very scantily
provided with conceptacles of sporangia, some of which with ap-
parently ripe sporangia. Specimens bearing cystocarpic conceptacles
have been taken in July.

Occurrence. The typical form found at Bejan, local but abundant,
and together with it some specimens of f. parvicocca. <A form
closely related to the former has been collected at Munkholmen
near Trondhjem, scarce, and at Christiansund, N. (Ekman). The
form connata is known from Drdbak in the Christiania Fjord
{Gran), apparently’ scarce; Storfosen near Bejan, scarce; and a
form most nearly connected with this at Roberg in the Trondhjem
Fjord, scarce. Typical specimens of f. patula have been collected
at Skorpen in Troms6 Amt, Skjdrn and Bejan in the Trondhjem
Fjord, local but pretty plentiful, and especially at the two last
named places together with transitions to f. typeca and f. connata.

Lithothamnion gracilescens Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde libera vel interdum lapidibus affixa, subglobosa, dia-
metro usque 6 cm., obscure rosea, irregulariter ramosa; ramis e
centro solido, exiguo, undique egredientibus, teretibus, subcylindricis,
superioribus plerumque nodulosis, fasciculos plus minus remotos
formantibus, apicibus obtusis; conceptaculis sporangiferis convexius-
culis, parum prominentibus, infra apices ramorum crebris, a super-
ficie visis diametro 350—400 p; sporangiis quaternas sporas foven-
tibus, 120—150 p longis, 45—60 yp latis; conceptaculis cystocar-
piferis conicis, diametro 300—350 yp. Tab. 15, fig. 20—27.

Syn. Lithothamnion byssoides Unger, Leithakalk p. 19, t. 5, fig. 1—8.

Description of the species. The plant forms spheroidical or
somewhat irregular masses attaining a diameter of about 6 cm.,
in general freely developed on the bottom, but now and then fastened
to or nearly encompassing small stones. The colour is a dark

60

pink, most often with a purplish tinge, in winter, however, a brow-
nish pink, but nearly always getting much lighter when dry. The
frond is branched in a rather irregular, or sometimes nearly sub-
dichotomous manner. ‘The branches frequently issue in all directions
from the centre of the frond, always with short axes, in the lower
part more or less bent, in the upper part often rather straight,
frequently forming more or less remoted bundles, which are com-
posed of short branches bearing more or less numerous and wart-
like processes or short branchlets. They are terete or nearly terete,
1—1.3 mm. thick, sometimes of nearly the same thickness throug-
hout, sometimes a little thicker below, here and there somewhat
anastomosing, buth never much, often with slightly thickened and
frequently nearly obtuse ends. Pl. 15, fig: 20—27. Whe frond
occasionally may be rather compressed, in part corresponding with
the form alcicormis of L. tophiforme and f. flabelligera of L.
coralloides, but the specimens that I have seen of this form are
not so distinctly marked as to make it possible to draw any de-
finite limit, and I, therefore, at present do not record it at deno-
minated form of the species.

As to the structure the species coincides with ZL. corailoides.
In a longitudinal section of a branch the inner cells of the cup-
shaped layers of tissue are about 7—9 » long and 4—6 vp thick.

I have examined numerons summer- as well as winter spe-
cimens, but only one or two met with bearing organs of propa-
gation. The conceptacles of sporangia frequently appear to be rather
crowded below the tip or in the upper part of the branches. They
are convex, but very little prominent, distinctly marked, seen from
the surface 350—400 » in diameter, sometimes, however, only
300 ». The roof is traversed by 60—70 muciferous canals. The
sporangia that I have seen were not fully developed, sometimes
without any partition sometimes two-parted with an apparently
well developed wall. However, in some of the latter I found in
one or both cells partly a just founded partly a more developed
transverse wall issuing from the one side, and once I found one
of the two cells parted into two by an entire but rather indistinct
wall. Therefore, mature sporangia no doubt are tetrasporic. They

61

are about 120—150 or up to 160 p long and 45—60 vp broad,
seldom broader.

The conceptacles grow down into the frond, but overgrown
ones are very scarce in the specimens that I have examined, and
‘in most cases I did not find such ones. Also in this species the
roof appears apt to fall away, leaving a rather deep scar, which
sometimes becomes filled with local formations of tissue. Such
filled conceptacies now and then are to be seen on a Section, in
shape and partly also in size fully resembling not filled ones, and
distinctly marked.

The organs supposed to be cystocarpic conceptacles I found
in other individuals than those bearing conceptacles of sporangia.
They are comparatively small, conical and rather acute, about 300
—350 p» in diameter at the base, but probably not fully developed.
I have not seen the spores.

Remark on the synonomy. As mentioned under L. fruti-
culosum | consider L. byssoides Unger not referrible to any form
of that species. It appears to me most probably being identic
with the species in question, and in all agreeing well with typi-
cally developed specimens. On the other hand it reminds one of
L. apiculatum f. parvicocca and even certain forms of LZ. nodu-
losum described below, but the latter is in general a larger and
coarser plant.

Felation to other species. This plant forms an intermediate
species between L. apiculatwm and L. corralloides. In its typical
form it is easily recognised, but it often assumes forms, which
in a sterile state are very difficult or nearly impossible to sepa-
rate from the one or other of the named species. ‘The reproductive
organs are, however, different. As to the vegetative parts it di-
stinguishes itself from L. apiculatum f. parvicocca, the most nearly
allied form of that species, by its less anastomosing branches and
in general more numerous wart-like nodes, but it sometimes even
approaches L. apiculatum f. typica in habit. Cp. Pl. 15, fig. 27.
Now and then it appears to be less densely branched, or the
branches even rather spreading, the nodes or short branchlets few
in number, and then much approaching JL. coralloides f. norvegica.

62

Habitat. The species occurs in somewhat sheltered places,
on a depth of 5—8 fathom. I met with it on rather hard but
somewhat clayish bottom, forming smaller banks in company with
I. coralloides. A couple of specimens gathered in June and July
were provided with reproductive organs in development, or bearing
scars after emptied conceptacles of sporangia.

Occurrence. Found at Mandal (Wille), Drébak (Gran) and
at Rotvold near Trondhjem, at the latter place local but in consi-
derable abundance.

Lithothamnion coralloides Crn.

Fl. Finist. p. 151, t. 20, gen. 133, fig. 8—9; Spongites coralloides Alg. mar.
Finist. No. 242; excl. syn.

f. norvegica (Aresch.) Fosl. mscr.

Lithothamnion calcareum var. norvegicum Aresch. Obs. Phyc. 3, p.4; ex parte.

f. subglobosa, diametro circa 3 cm., ramosissima, ramis 1—
1.3 mm. crassis, subattenuatis, apicibus plerumque rotundatis. Tab.
NO, ater, Wil,

f. saxatilis Fosl. mscr.

f. lapidibus affixa vel demum interdum libera, scabriuscula,
ramis brevioribus, 1—1.8 mm. crassis, apicibus rotundatis vel sub-
ObtuSis, slab: Woy tomo.

f. australis Fosl. mscr.
f. parce ramosa, ramis szepe longioribus, teretibus vel subcom-
pressis, 15—2 mm«zvcrassis..- Pab! lo; fies 24 ole

f. flabelligera Fosl. mscr.
f. ramis brevibus, flabellatim dispositis, liberis vel plus minus
coalitis, compressis vel subcylindricis. Tab. 16, fig. 32—37.

f. subsimplex Batt.
in Journ. Bot. 1892, p. 8; Grevillea Vol. 21, p. 23.
Descr. Lithothamnion coralloides f. subsimplex Batt. 1. c.
Fig. i s ns tab. nostr. 16, fig. 38—42.

Syn. Apora polymorpha Gunn. in Act. Nidros. 4, p. 70; ex parte; t. 15, fig. 2.
Nullipora calcarea Johnst. Brit. Spong. and Lithoph. p. 240; ex parte;
pl. 24, fig. 5?
Lithothamnion gracile Phil. in Wiegm. Arch. p. 388; Aresch. in J. Ag.
Spec. Alg. 2, p. 524?

63

Syn. Lithothamnion rubrum Phil. 1. c.; Aresch 1. c.
> norvegicum Kjellm. N. Ish. Algfl. p. 122 (93), pl. 5,
fig. 9—10,
3 Fs Fosl. Contrib. Il, p. 7; ex parte.
coralloides Batt. in Journ. Bot. 1892, p. 7.

Remark on the determination of the species. Through the
kindness of Dr. Bornet I have had the opportunity to examine
the specimen distributed by Crouan | c. under the name of
Spongites coralloides. It is, however, too fragmentary to be deter-
mined with certainty, but not unlikely it is identic with the above
quoted f. flabelligera, and it agrees with this form in regard to
the structure. The form of the species delineated in Fl. Finist. 1.
c., no doubt, is identic with or at least closely related to the above
f. australis. Specimens of both these forms have been gathered
in one of the localities quoted by Crouan and kindly communi-
cated to me by Dr. Bornet. The plant described by Areschoug
under the name of ZL. calcarewm var. norvegicum partly also in-
cludes the last named form. Areschoug originally recorded his
plant as LZ. coralloides Cr.1), but later (in Obs. Phyc. |. c.) he
considered it a variety of LZ. caleareum. ‘The latter is, however,
a coarser plant and in my opinion belonging to L. tophiforme,
judging from the description by Harvey in Phyc. Brit., but the
plant recorded under the same name by Johnston lL. c. perhaps
nin Pate inelides=the! present Species. Co. Kijjellm: i) c)) W have
not been able to draw any true limit between the quoted forms,
and I, therefore, here adopt the name given by Crouan as the
older one. However, it may be remarked, that the French and
British specimens that I have seen, as well as those which underlie
Areschoug’s description, gathered at Haugesund, are sterile.
Solms-Laubach remarks (Corall. p. 19), considering Areschoug’s
plant identic with L. coralloides Cr., that the species is characte-
rized, besides in habit, by ,nicht Uber die Thallusflache hervorra-
genden Conceptacula“. This does not accord with the below men-
tioned shape of the reproductive organs found in other Norwegian
specimens.

1) Akademiske forelasningar héstterminen 1872. (Unprinted),

64

Remark on the form of the species. Among the named spe-
cimens from Haugesund are.some more densely branched, others
coarser and more sparsely branched, the former nearly according
with the most common form along the Norwegian coast, the above
f. norvegica, not unlikely being the typical form of the species,
and the latter partly agreeing with the form that I have called f.
australis partly forming intermediate forms. The form norvegica.
is characterized by its much branched frond, frequently forming
subspherical masses about 3 cm. in diameter, the branches always.
rather bent, more or less spreading, about 1— 1.3 mm. thick, sel-
dom a little anastomosing below and in general slightly attenuating
towards the tip, and the ends frequently rounded. The surface of
the frond is most commonly smooth, but now and then rather
uneven on account of local, scaly thickenings. Pl. 16, fig. 1—11.
This form frequently grows gregarious in considerable abundance.

The form saxatilis is nearly connected with the latter. It
appears always to grow more or less scattered, never in any great
number. It fastens itself to small stones, but in a more advanced
stage of development it occasionally detaches itself and lies free
on the bottom. It often rather resembles the preceding form in
habit, but it never attains the size of that form, being less bran-
ched, with shorter axes, but the branches nearly always more or
less bent, as in the named form. The branches often also are
coarser, up to about 1. mm. in thickness, not or slightly attenua-
ting upwards, with rounded or nearly obtuse ends. Pl. 16, fig.
12—23. ‘The surface is rather uneven, finely rugged, with more
or less numerous local and scaly thickenings.

Another form also nearly connected with f. morvegzea is the
form that I have named f. australis. It frequently is somewhat
coarser than f. norvegica, sparsely branched, the branches partly
short partly and more often rather long, 1.5—2 mm. thick, much
Spreading, terete or somewhat compressed, cylindrical or slightly
attenuating towards the tip, with rounded ends, or now and then
with the tips rather compressed and the ends rounded or even
nearly truncate. Some specimens that I received from Dr. Bornet
,dragué a l'embouchure de la reviére de Morlaix (Finistére)“ belong

65

to this form and in part according well in habit with the cited
figure by Crouan. Some other specimens gathered at ,Ile Ho-
lavre, dans le Golfe du Morbihan“ are nearly related to f. australis,
but much smaller, the branches slightly thinner and very short,
thus somewhat differing from typical specimens of the form, and
ought perhaps to be considered as a separate form of the species.
The plant recorded by Batters 1. c. as typical L. corallozdes fully
coincides with f. australis in the sense here taken, according to
Specimens kindly communicated to me. Typically developed spe-
cimens of this form appear to be scarce with us. I have seen but
some few ones, but others partly approaching f. australis partly
f. norvegica have more often been met with. As such an inter-
mediate form I regard the specimens figured by Kjellman l. c.
pl. 5, fig. 9—10, however, most nearly related to f. norvegica.
Cp. pl. 16, fig. 24—31. The figures 24—25 represent the present
form from Haugesund, fig. 26 a somewhat differing specimen from
Storfosen near Bejan, fig. 27—30 British specimens (from Cumbrae)
and fig. 31 a French specimen (from Morlaix).

Of the form flabelligera 1 have not seen typically developed
Norwegian specimens, but those represented on pl. 16, fig. 32—37
I got through the kindness of Dr. Bornet ,dragué a l’embouchure
de la reviere de Morlaix (Finistere)“. It is analogous to the form
aleicornis of L. tophiforme. The branches are rather irregularly
divided, with very short axes, spreading almost in one plane, either
subcylindrical or compressed, of about the same thickness as those
of f. australis, with rounded or almost truncate ends. Some other
specimens ,jeté a la cote de St. Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine)“ at least in
“part belong to the same form, or forming transitions to f. australis.

The form subsimplex is closely connected with f. australis,
distinguished by the entire or almost entire absence of lateral bran-
ches, the whole frond being simple or nearly simple, and either
Straight or angularly bent. Cp. pl. 16, fig. 38—42 (British speci-
mens). Of this form I have not seen any characteristic Norwegian
Specimen, either, but only transitions to it.

The species is as to the structure characterized by its rather
small cells. They are in a longitudinal section of a branch 7—9

66

p- long and 4—o p thick, and often slightly smaller in f. norvegica.
than in the other forms.

I have examined hundreds of specimens from different tracts
and seasons, collected in May to October and in January and
March, but nearly all of them have been sterile, only a very few
ones of f. norvegica and f. saxatilis bearing organs of propagation.
I am, therefore, inclined to suppose, that the plant in all rather
seldom develops these organs. The conceptacles of sporangia
partly are scattered partly crowded in the upper part of the bran-

ches. They are slightly convex and very little prominent, the roof

frequently somewhat flattened in the central portion, 300—350
in diameter, most commonly about 300 », and in general a little
larger in f. saxatils than in f. norvegica, intersected with rather
numerous muciferous canals, of which I have numbered about 50.
The sporangia are four-parted, in f. norvegica 100—130 p long
and 35—45 y broad, in f. saxatilis frequently a little larger, or
110—140 p long and 40—55 broad. 1, however, have seen but
few, especially in f. nmorvegica. Most of the sporangia in f. saxa-
twas were only two-parted, but probably not fully developed, and
here I also found bisporic together with tetrasporic overgrown ones.

The conceptacles of sporangia grow down into the frond, but
in f. norvegica they are extremely scarce. I have examined nume-
rous specimens without finding any trace of overgrown organs of
that kind, but in others 1 found some few ones especially in the
peripherical portion of a branch, never in any great number, and
I occasionally met with overgrown conceptacles that had been filled
with local formations of tissue, as in other species before mentioned.
Once I even found a solitary sporangium in such a filled and
overgrown conceptacle. In f. saxatils overgrown conceptacles
sometimes are not uncommon, sometimes apparently wanting, and
nearly always containing not escaped sporangia or such as have
not been mature before they as well as the conceptacles grew down
into the frond. On the other hand the whole roof appears now
and then to fall away, and in such cases the conceptacles appa-
rently not become overgrown, or the scars filled with local for-
mations. In the other forms they have not been found.

Rew.

67

What I suppose to be cystocarpic conceptacles have been found
in very small numbers in a couple of specimens of f. norvegica,.
in one of these together with some smaller and little developed
conceptacles which, not unlikely, are those of antheridia. The for-
mer are conical, low, 350—400 p in diameter at the base, and
traversed by a canal about 20 » in diameter. I have not succeded
in finding the carpospores.

Remark on the synonomy. The Lithothamnia that Gunnerus
records under the name of Apora polymorpha among others pro-
bably includes the present species too. Thus the figure on pl.
15, fig. 2 1. c. much resembles ZL. coralloides f. saxatilis. It seems.
also to be probable, that the form delineated by Johnson l.c. pl.
24, fig. 5 is referrible to this species, and not unlikely identic with
or nearly related to f. flabelligera. Whether on the other hand
the two species described by Philippi 1. c. really are identic with
L. coralloides is impossible to know without having access to the
Original specimens, but they at least appear to be nearly related
to it, L. gracile perhaps according with f. flabelligera and L.
rubrum nearly connected with f. australis.

Mentioning L. norvegicum in Contrib. Il, p. 7 I also referred
to it specimens, which, as remarked, I now consider partly belong
to L. apiculatum f. patula partly constitute a separate species,
the below described L. divergens. On the other hand I have lost
the specimens recorded under the same name in Contrib. I, p. 6
from Mehavn in East-Finmarken, and I am not sure whether they
belonged to the present species in the sense here taken. So far
as I now remember it was not typical f. norvegica, but rather a
form of L. apiculatwm. Therefore, I do not adopt this locality
in the present paper.

ftelation to other species. Cp. under L. apiculatwm, L. gra-
cilescens and L. divergens.

Habitat. The species lives in the upper as well as the lower
part of the sublitoral region, with us descending to a depth of
about 15 fathom, but often also to be found only in 5—6 fathoms
water, seldom, however, farther up. On the British coast it occurs
on a depth of 6—10 fathom. Cp. Batt. 1.c. It prefers harder

68

bottom and somewhat sheltered places, especially appearing in sounds
and fjords. Some specimens bearing conceptacles of sporangia
and in part apparently ripe sporangia have been taken in June
and July, and a couple of others with cystocarpic conceptacles in
June.

Occurrence. Its most northerly and certainly known locality
is Skorpen in Kveenangen, scarce (f. norvegica and f. saxatilis);
Lodingen in Nordland; Herg in Helgeland (Schreiner); Frgien,
scarce (f. norvegica); Storfosen near Bejan, scattered and apparently
scarce (f. norvegica, f. saxatilis, f. australis); at different places in
the Trondhjem Fjord, as Inderden, Tautra, Holmberget, Rotvold,
Byberget. Roberg, Skjern and Bejan, mostly local and sometimes
scarce sometimes abundant (f. norvegica, f. saxatilis); Sulen in
Sognefjord (Boye); Haugesund (Wittrock) local but abundant
(f. norvegica, f. australis); Mandal (Wille); and Nesodden in the
Christiania Fjord (Schreiner).

Geogr. Distribution. Britain (Batters); France (Crouan,
Bornet).

Lithothamnion divergens Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde libera in fundo jacente, roseo-flavescente, irregula-
riter ramosa; ramis e centro solido, exiguo, vel axi primario egre-
dientibus, omnino liberis vel inferne plus minus coalitis, divergen-
tibus, flexuosis, teretibus, subeequalibus vel apicem versus attenuatis,
1.8—2.2 mm. crassis, apicibus rotundatis; conceptaculis sporangiferis
convexiusculis, a superficie visis diametro 300—350 p; sporangiis
quaternas(?) sporas foventibus, circa 120 » longis, 40 m crassis.
‘Tab. 16, fig. 48—50.

Syn. Lithothamnion norvegicum f. distans Fosl. Contrib. II, p. 7; ex parte.

Description of the species. The more or less irregular frond
is in its longest diameter frequently about 2.5—4.5 cm. long. It
always develops itself freely on the bottom. The colour is in
dried specimens yellowish, or yellowish pink, towards the tip of
the branches often somewhat darker, with a violaceous tinge. The
solid central mass is insignificant, or forming a somewhat elongated

69

main-axis, from which the more or less spreading and sparsely
divided branches frequently issue in all directions. The branches
never are straight, but more or less curved, or angularly bent,
terete, either nearly equal in thickness, generally 1.s—2.2 mm., or
often rather attenuating towards the tip, with rounded ends, or
now and then somewhat rounded-thickened ends. ‘They partly
are free everywhere partly in more densely branched specimens
more or less anastomosing below, but upwards always spreading.
PI. 16, fig. 43—50. The surface of the frond sometimes is smooth
sometimes and more frequently finely rugged and squamellate.

With regard to the structure this plant is in general coarser
than the preceding species and most nearly agreeing with that of
L. fruticulosum. In a longitudinal section of a branch the inner
cells of the cup-shaped layers of tissue are 8—12 yp long, fre-
quently about 8—10 p, and 6—7 + thick.

The conceptacles of sporangia are crowded in the upper part
of the branches without any order, convex, but little prominent,
rather reminding one of those in certain forms of L. fruticulosum,
but frequently larger, seen from the surface 300—350 or occasio-
nally up to 400 » in diameter and often not distinctly marked.
The roof is rather thick and intersected with about 30 muciferous
canals. The sporangia most probably are tetrasporic, but I have
not seen any with distinct partition, about 120 » long and 40 p
broad. However, I have seen but a very few. The conceptacles
finally grow down into the frond. Overgrown ones sometimes are
scarce sometimes rather numerous, chiefly in the peripherical por-
tion of a branch, but they are on the other hand often apparently
wanting. I have not seen conceptacles of cystocarps.

ftemark on the synonomy. Most of the specimens recorded
l. c. under the name of L. norvegicum f. distams belong to the
present species. I then had not the advantage of examining more
thouroughly a greater number of specimens of the different forms.
L. norvegicum was a little known plant, of which only sterile
specimens were known, and as this together with the forms now
separated often closely approach each other in habit, I considered

them to belong to one and the same species.
6%

70

Relation to other species. Among the species of Lithotham-
nion that I know ZL. divergens exhibits the greatest resemblance
on the one side to L. fruticulosum f. curvirostra and on the other
side to L. coralloides, forming an intermediate "species between
these two. It is separated from the former especially by its more
spreading and less attenuating branches and larger conceptacles of
sporangia. Sometimes it much resembles certain forms of L. co-
ralloides in habit, particularly intermediate ones between f. norve-
gica and f. australis, but disinguishes itself from these by its in
general coarser branches and coarser structure, and also with re-
ference to the conceptacles of sporangia. Occasionally it also
reminds one of ZL. tophiforme in habit, but is separated by essen-
tial characteristics.

Habitat. This species occurs on a depth of 3—5 fathom in
company with other species, as L. apiculatum and L. coralloides.
A few of the specimens collected in the former half of September
were provided with conceptacles of sporangia, most of which ap-
parently not fully developed.

Occurrence. Hitherto only found at Skorpen in Kveenangen,
north of Troms6, scattered and scarce.

Lithothamnion flabellatum Rosenv.

Grénl. Havalg. p. 772.

f. Granw Fosl. mscr.

f. fronde initio affixa, crustam tenuissimam formante, tuberculis
vel ramis instructa, demum crusta evanida, fronde libera in fundo
jacente, decomposito subdichotome ramosa; ramis teretibus vel sub-
compressis, 2 mm. crassis, subattenuatis, apicibus plerumque ro-
tundatis; conceptaculis sporangiferis convexiusculis, parum promi-
nentibus, a superficie visis diametro 350 4; sporangiis binas sporas
foventibus, 140—180 p» longis, 45—60 p latis. “Tab. 17, fig. 1—7,
allo, YO. ster, AP.

f. Rosenvinegii Fosl. mscr.

Descr. et Fig. Lithothamnion flabellatum Rosenvy, |. c. et fig. 1—2._

Syn. Lithothamnion soriferum Rosenv. |. c. p. 772; ex parte sec. spec.

Remark on the species. The plant that Rosenvinge l. c.

71

describes under the above name is in my opinion the most extreme
form of a species, which in some respects rather differs in its
development from most other Lithothamnia, so far as these are
hitherto known. I have, at least, not been able to draw any limit
between this form, which I propose to name f. Rosenvingi, and
the above f. Gran, and it probably includes more forms, the latter
perhaps taken in too wide a sense.

Description of the form of the species. The form Gran is
at first fastened to shells or smaller stones, forming a very thin
crust scarcely up to 0.5 mm. in thickness and closely adherent to
the substratum. The peripherical portion of this crust is thinner
than the internal, feebly zonated, with a whitish brim in specimens
not fully encompassing the object, to which it is fastened. Small
excrescences appear at an early stage of development, at first in
the central portion, later over the whole or nearly the whole crust.
At this stage it very much resembles younger individuals of L.
colliculosum. Afterwards the excrescences arise into erect, straight
or somewhat bent knobs or short branches, which are either simple,
bifid or trifid above, and at length getting more branched in a
rather irregular subdichotomous manner, in old individuals with
branch-systems of at least three orders, with rather short axes.
ee b/, fies 17, pl. 22) fie. Lo yAtithe same time the crust by
and by disappears, the plant loosens itself from the substratum
and lies free on the bottom, still plainly showing that it has been
attacked at first, though not in old and more driven specimens.
The branches are in older specimens more or less spreading and
seldom straight, terete or slightly compressed, either nearly cylin-
drical or, more frequently, slightly attenuating towards the apex,
with rounded or occasionally obtuse ends, about 2 mm. thick,
partly less partly a little more. They are frequently a little ana-
stomosed below, and the surface partly is nearly smooth, occasio-
nally with short, concentric strice, partly rather uneven on account
of numerous local, scaly thickenings. The crust, so far as I have
seen, never increases in thickness after the branches are developed,
but if much attacked by animals in a younger stage a new crust
here and there is formed upon the older, even over short knobs,

72

but especially between the knobs or short branches of younger
specimens so as to cover the animals. This is, however, seldom,
and in typically developed specimens not too much attacked I al- —
ways found only the primary crust. If the crust by and by fully
encompasses the object, or this is not of very small size, the plant
appears to loosen itself in a later stage of development, sometimes
even, not till the branches are much developed, or the plant appa- |
rently is nearly full-grown. On the other hand it at length always
loosens itself from the substratum; at first a part of the crust
disappears or loosens and by and by the whole crust of parts of
it together with some branch-system, so that more loosened indi-
viduals arise from one fastened. These continue their growth and
form at length irregular or subspherical masses, whose longest
diameter gets up to about 7 cm. PI. 17, fig.6—7. The branches
especially of loosened individuals often bear wart-like processes or
short branchlets, which in the upper part occasionally may be
rather crowded.

I do not know whether the plant also develops freely on the
bottom. However, I have seen some younger specimens apparently
freely developed and probably belonging to the same form.

An American specimen kindly sent me by Mr. Collins in
habit stands between the specimens figured pl. 17, fig. 1—2, and
it most probably belongs to f. Granz, but it is sterile and, there-
fore, the determination not quite certain. The crust is very thin,
partly disappeared and the plant nearly loosened from the object,
a small stone, which it apparently has nearly encompassed. Col-
lins’ collection B. ,Eagle Island, Maine. In pools at dead low-
water.“ The specimen on the other hand somewhat reminds one
of certain forms of L. fruticulosum. Cp. Hauck, Meeresalg. t.
5, fig. 4. However, in overgrown conceptacles I only found bi-
sporic sporangia, but they were smaller than in the named form.

As remarked above I consider f. Rosenvingw to be the most
extreme form of the species, characterized by its fan-shaped rami-
fication and more or less compressed branches, analogous to J.
tophiforme f. alcicornis, but on the other hand showing the most
close affinity to f. Granw. A Greenlandic specimen kindly com-

4
we
|
7) Ne

73

municated to me by Mr. Kolderup Rosenvinge nearly accords
with fig. 1 on pl. 17, but smaller, and two others and younger
also are so nearly agreeing with f. Granw, that they in my opi-
nion must be referred to this form, with not or very slightly com-
pressed knobs or branches. The crust is in the specimens that I
have seen as thick or slightly thicker than in f. Granw, but Ro-
senvinge mentions thicker crusts, however, not being sure whether
they belong to the same form. Judging from these younger spe-
cimens the present form apparently also loosens itself from the
substratum, as they, being removed from the substratum, appear
to have been but loosely attached. Typical specimens of this form
have not been found with us, but only transitions to it.

With reference to the structure both the forms accord with
one another. The branches show in a longitudinal section pretty
regular cup-shaped layers of tissue, with the inner cells about
10—12 p» long and 5—8 vp thick.

The form Granw develops sporangia at a rather young stage,
even before the branches are particularly developed. The concep-
tacles only occur in the upper part of the knobs or branches and
especially just below the apices, never in the crust. They are
partly somewhat scattered partly and more frequently densely
crowded, often so densely that the roofs become angular, or more
or less confluent, in this respect rather accordidg with those of
L. tophiforme, seen from the surface about 350 yp in diameter,
sometimes less sometimes a little more, convex but little prominent,
and now and then somewhat flattened especially in a younger state.
The roof is traversed by about 30 muciferous canals. I have exa-
mined several sporangia, all of which were bisporic and most of
them apparently mature. They are rather straight or only a little
bent, 140—180 p» long and 45—60 p broad.

The conceptacles of sporangia in f. Rosenvingw are stated by
Rosenvinge l. c. to be only about 250 p» in diameter. I found
some few in the above mentioned specimens which are 300—350
vin dlameter seen from the surface, but perhaps they are fre-
quently smaller, or Rosenvinges measures may be from median

74

sections, sometimes showing less diameter than from the surface
or the roof.

The conceptacles of cystocarps and antheridia are not yet
known in any of the forms.

In both the forms the conceptacles of sporangia finally grow
down into the frond. Overgrown ones are partly rather numerous,
partly very few in number, sometimes even not to be found. Only
the central portion of the roof gets dissolved, not seldom though
the whole roof and then it partly leaves a nearly cup-shaped partly
a deeper scar. Such scars become effaced by local formations of
tissue, which, if the scars are not too shallow, rather often are
covered by a new thickening layer of the frond and to be seen
on a section.

Remark on the synonomy. Among some Greenlandic speci-
mens from Julianehaab referred by Rosenvinge to L. soriferum
(L. tophiforme) is a couple provided with conceptacles of sporangia.
These in my opinion really belong to the present species and are
closely related to f. Granw. I found overgrown conceptacles of
sporangia or such ones filled with new-formed tissue, which is
never due to L. tophiforme. In the superficial conceptacles, coin-
ciding with those of the present species, I also found some few
bisporic sporangia, which appeared to be mature. Besides, the
specimens differ from ZL. tophiforme by a little thinner branches,
shorter axes and somewhat uneven surface, but on the other hand
the limits are in this respect often difficult to draw. A couple of
others | suppose to be identic with the last named species.

elation to other species. With regard to the sporangia the
present plant is most nearly related to LZ. glaciale, but otherwise
it is quite different and cannot be confounded with this species
except young individuals. It in some respects shows greater affinity
to the following species, L. collaculosum. On the other hand it
may without closer examination be confounded with certain forms
of L. fruticuloswm, as f. curvirostra. However, it is most easily
confounded with L. tophiforme, and sterile specimens sometimes
are difficult to distinguish from smaller and thinner forms of the
latter, although typically developed or fertile specimens are sepa-

79

rated both in structure, the sporangia and other essential charac-
teristics.

Habitat. With us the plant grows in the upper part of the
sublitoral region, on a depth of 3—8 fathoms. It apparently pre-
fers protected places, in somewhat exposed localities descending
farther down than in the former. On the Greenlandic coast it
descends to a depth of 16 fathom. It bears sporangia in July,
August, September and December.

Occurrence. Mehayn in East-Finmarken, Bergsfjord in West-
Finmarken, scarce; Skorpen in Kvenangen, apparently rare; Rissen
in the Trondhjem Fjord, rare; Drébak (Gran) and Nesodden
(Schreiner) in the Christiania Fjord, apparently pretty plentiful.

Geogr. Distribution. Greenland (Rosenvinge); the Atlantic
coast of North America (Collins).

Lithothamnion colliculosum Fosl.

Contrib. Il, p. 8.

f. densa Fosl. mscr.

f. crusta 0.5—1.5 mm. crassa; tuberculis usque ad 4 mm. altis,
1—2 mm. crassis, dense dispositis.
Fig. Lithothamnion colliculosum Fosl. 1. c. t. 3, fig. 1 et tab. nostr. 17, fig. 8—10.

f. laxa Fosl. mscr.

f. crusta usque 3 mm. crassa; tuberculis tenuioribus, usque
ad 2 mm. altis, laxe dispositis. Tab. 17, fig. il.

-f. rosea (Batt.) Fosl. mscr.

Descr. Lithothamnion roseum Batt. in Grevillea, vol. 22, p. 20.
Fig. ; colliculosum f. rosea tab. nostr. 17, fig. 12—16.

Syn. Lithothamnion fasciculatum Farl. New Engl. Alg. p. 182; ex parte
sec. spec.
e, colliculosum Batt. in Grevillea, vol. 21, p. 23; Journ.
of Bot. 1892, p. 8; saltem ex parte sec. spec.

Remark on the form of the species. The plant recorded by
Batters |. c. under the name of L. rosewm is supposed by him
perhaps to be the tetrasporic form of L. colliculosum. It is in fact
so closely related to this species, that it in my opinion cannot be
considered more than a denominated form, or not unlikely being

76

the typical form of the species. It even is partly included in the
form of L. colliculosum mentioned in Contrib. 1. c. However,
most of the specimens then gathered belong to the form that I
have named f. densa. Others show transition to f. rosea, or being
most nearly related to this form, of which I have later collected
specimens that fully accord with British ones.

The form densa is characterized by its frequently thin crust
which apparently seldom attains a thickness of 1.5 mm. It bears
numerous and densely crowded knobs up to 4mm. high, frequently
about 2 mm., by a thickness of 1—2 mm. These knobs are cy-
lindrical or slightly tapering, or enlarged towards the tip, simple,
or now and then towards the apex provided with one or two
wart-like processes, frequently with obtuse apices. Pi. 17, fig. 8—10.
In a younger stage the edges of adjacent crusts stumbling each
other generally raise themselves against each other, forming more
or tess elevated ridges. Cp. Contrib. II, pl. 3, fig. 1. These ridges
rather seldom are to be seen in fully developed or older individuals,
then being covered with knobs. The plant is often accompanied
by other species, especially J. Strémfelta, which it, not seldom,
by and by covers, and is fastened to stones or occasionally shells.

Two specimens from Spitzbergen kindly communicated to me
by Conservator Sparre Schneider fully accord with Norwegian
specimens of this form. They are dredged between Amsterdam-
oderne and Norskderne by Capt. Nils Johnsen of Tromso.

A form apparently nearly related to the latter is f. daxa, but
on the other hand I have been in doubt whether it might not per-
haps be regarded a separate species. I have seen only a solitary
specimen bearing a couple of not fully developed conceptacles of
sporangia, and this is an American specimen. Pl. 17, fig. 11.
Collins’ collection D., Rockport, Mass. However, I have Nor-
Wegian specimens which closely resemble the latter in habit, but
they are sterile. This form rather differs in habit from f. densa,
and is characterized by its thicker crust, up to 3 mm., but appa-
rently somewhat varying in this respect, as parts of one and the
same specimen may be only 1 mm. in thickness, and now and
then a new crust partly is formed upon the primary. The crust

7g)

bears more or less scattered knobs, which in general are thinner
than in f. densa, up to about 1.5 mm. thick, but frequently less,
and up to about 2 mm. high, subcylindrical, with rounded or oc-
casionally obtuse apices. The colour appears to be a darker pink
than in the named form, judging from dried specimens. This form
requires closer examination of larger materials than I have at my
disposal.

The form rosea distinguishes itself by its thicker knobs, about
2—3 mm., which are not so densely crowded as in f. densa,
cylindrical, cylindric-conical or occasionally upwards thickened, in
the Norvegian specimens not exceeding 5 mm. in height, but in
British until 8 mm. according to Batters 1c. In most of the
specimens that I have seen the knobs are simple, in others occa-
sionally on the point of dividing, or carrying a small wart-like
process, but Batters remarks that they also are bifid or trifid
above. The crust is as thick or thicker than in f. densa. PI. 17,
fig. 12—13 represents Norwegian specimens, fig. 15—16 British,
and fig. 14 an American specimen from Rockport, Mass. (Collins’
collection F.).

The above quoted forms accord with each other as to the
structure. The knobs show in a longitudinal section more or less
regular cup-shaped layers of tissue, with the inner cells frequently
longer in proportion to the thickness than those in a section of
the upper thickening-layers of the crust, 8—12 » long and 5—8
p. thick, with rather thin walls.

The conceptacles of sporangia in f. densa are scattered or
somewhat crowded in or between the knobs, seen from the sur-
face 300—350 yp in diameter, very little prominent and as a rule
rather flattened. The roof is intersected with 30—40 muciferous
canals. The sporangia are two-parted, much varying in shape
and size, convex-concave and frequently with the rounded or now
and then rather attenuating ends somewhat bent together, occa-
sionally nearly half-moon shaped, and large in proportion to the
height of the conceptacles, in general about 180—220 yp long and
60—100 » broad, or more. I have, however, seen but few con-
ceptacles and sporangia of this form.

78

In the above quoted specimen of f. daxa I found only two
conceptacles in the crust, which are probably not fully developed,
hardly perceptibly raised above the surface of the frond and much
flattened, and of about the same diameter as in the preceding form.
Some sporangia found in overgrown conceptacles were about 180
p. long and 60—90 p broad.

In f. rosea the named conceptacles are frequently rather den-
sely crowded in the crust and knobs, the roofs occasionally con-
fluent or nearly confluent, also here about 300—350 p in diameter,
and partly much partly less flattened. In a British specimen kindly
sent me by Mr. Batters I found them not or scarcely raised above
the surface of the frond, indistinct and much flattened, but they were
probably not fully developed, although the sporangia appeared to be
mature. In another British specimen from the same locality they fully
accord with those in Norwegian specimens, distinctly marked, slightly
prominent and more or less flattened. In the above quoted Ame-
rican specimen of this form (pl. 17, fig. 14) the conceptacles are
of the same size, but much flattened and in part nearly disc-shaped,
though very little prominent. The sporangia are of about the same
size as in f. densa, or a little smaller. Cp. Batt. 1. c.

The above named conceptacles finally grow down into the
frond. Overgrown ones sometimes are numerous sometimes very
few in number, or apparently even wanting, which not unlikely
may be. connected with the fact, that the cystocarpic and antheri-
dian conceptacles appear not to occur in the same individuals as
those bearing sporangia. However, sometimes the whole roof falls
away and leaves a rather shallow scar, and now and then I found
such scars covered with a new, local formation of tissue; the con-
ceptacles being densely crowded this new formation even stretched
over more ones.

Cystocarpic conceptacles have with certainty only been found
in f. densa. They are scattered or crowded over the crust or
knobs without any order, conical, about 500—600 p in diameter
at the base, with a single orifice, and a little above the middle or
towards the apex nearly always more or less constricted, the upper
portion partly acute partly rather blunt. This portion or a part

79

of it easily falls away, or perhaps always towards maturity, and
then the conceptacles are depressed-conical or nearly hemispherical.
Later the whole roof disappears, leaving a cup-shaped scar with
somewhat elevated edges, as in most other species. They are in
a median vertical section inwards about 400 » in diameter at
the base, 200 » high and the upper portion of the roof also about
200 » high, the canal intersecting this portion 50——60 yp in dia-
meter except towards the tip, where it is thinner. —These measures
are, however, from the largest conceptacles. The frequently appear
to be lower. The carpospores are broadly cuneate, occasionally
elliptical or elongated obovate, 120—160 p long and 50—70 p
broad in the broadest part.+)

The conceptacles of antheridia are very numerous in some of
the specimens collected, scattered or crowded especially between
the knobs, and appear in the same individuals bearing conceptacles
of cystocarps. They are of the same shape as the last named
organs, but smaller, about 200—300 yp in diameter at the base
and traversed by a canal at the tip. The spermatia are very much
varying in shape, however, apparently most frequently rounded-
angular and much compressed, about 50—60 p in diameter.

Remark on the synonomy. Prof. Farlow has had the kind-
ness to send me two specimens of his L. fasciculatum. Another
one is mentioned under L. fruticuloswm. These specimens I without
any doubt refer to the present species, and represent a form closely
related to f. densa. It only differs by its in part a little thicker
crust, and the numerous knobs are more or less anastomosing
below and above more often furnished with wart-like processes
than in Norwegian specimens. The conceptacles of sporangia ac-
cord with those of the named form. One of the specimens is
accompanied by and partly anastomosed with L. compactwm.

The plant that Mr. Batters records 1. c. as L. colliculosum
at least in part appears to belong to this species, according to

1) The shape and size quoted in Contrib. II, p. 10 partly refers to the sper-
matia partly depending thereon, that the carpospores have not been removed
from the conceptacle and thereby mostly not seen fully from the side. They
really are much thinner than broad, frequently somewhat convex-concave,
and in the conceptacles especially the upper portion more or less bent.

80

specimens kindly communicated to me. One of these, fastened to:
a fragment of a shell, coincides well in habit with f. rosea, and
is provided with conceptacles of sporangia also similar to this form,
the roof intersected with about 40 canals, but I have not seen the
sporangia. A couple of other specimens fastened to or encom-
passing small stones partly nearly approach f. densa in habit partly
and especially one of them nearly destitute of knobs may not un-
likely belong to another species, perhaps being a young L. wmeru-
stans. I have not succeeded in finding organs of propagation.
However, Batters remarks!) that ,the tetraspores are formed in
prominent hemispherical or conical conceptacles with a single naked
orifice“. If so really is the case, this form is quite different from
the present species and most probably belongs to an undescribed
one. I never met with any species in which the conceptacles of
sporangia are conical, resembling those common to the superficial
cystocarpic ones, with a single orfice.

Felation to other species. This plant is more nearly related
to L. glaciale than the preceding, but is, however, plainly sepa-
rated, except sometimes in a sterile stage from young individuals
of that species. Young individuals much resemble young ones of
L. flabellatum f. Granu, and f. rosea even in an older stage some-
times rather approaches younger and attached individuals of the
latter. On the other hand, especially f. rosea encompassing stones,
or forms standing between this and f. densa on the one side, and
L. fruticulosum f. intermedia on the other side sometimes are difficult
to distinguish without closer examination. Besides f. rosea now and:
then reminds one in habit of L. polymorphum f. tuberculata, but it is.
separated from this even as to the colour, if they are not too bleached.

Habitat. At the first place I found this species (Skorpen in
Kveenangen) it grew on a depth of 10—15 fathom. Later I met
with it in more shallow water, 5—10 fathom on the coast of Fin-
marken, but on the whole it appears to descend farther down along
the northern part of the coast than in more southern tracts, or in
exposed localities. It prefers sheltered places. In the Trondhjem
Fjord I have taken it on a depth of only 1—2 fathom. On the

1) Grevillea, Vol. 22, p. 20.

81

British coast it even occurs in the litoral region, here, however,
only in deep pools, which also sometimes seems to be the case
on the Atlantic coast of North America, but apparently never laid
dry, as for inst. often is the case with L. polymorphum.. Cp.
Batters l.c. On the northern Norwegian coast it has been found
sparingly provided with sporangia, but more richly with apparently
ripe carpospores and spermatia in July, the former half of August
and September, and on the southern coast in July and August.
On the British coast it bears sporangia in February and August.
Thus it appears as if Z. colliculosum develops reproductive organs
nearly all the year, although in this as well as in most other species
the greatest number of the gathered specimens have been sterile.+)

Occurrence. Found at Kjelmé (f. densa) and Mehavn (f. rosea)
in East-Finmarken, scattered and very scarce; Kistrand (f. densa),
Kvalsund (f. rosea) and Sopnes in West-Finmarken; Skorpen in
Troms6 Amt (chiefly f. densa), local but abundant; and at several
places in the Trondhjem Fjord (f. densa, and f. laxa?), as Vanvik,
Rissen and Kongensvold, scattered and very scarce.

Geogr. Distribution. Spitzbergen; Britain (Batters); the At-
lantic coast of North America (Farlow, Collins).?)

Lithothamnion varians Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde crustacea, plus minusve lobata, crustis superimpositis
demum sat crassa, tuberculis striisque brevibus instructa; concepta-
culis_ sporangiferis convexiusculis, at parum prominentibus, a super-
ficie visis diametro 300—350 p»; sporangiis binas(?) sporas foven-
tibus, 100O—130 p» longis, 25—35 p latis; conceptaculis cystocarpi-
feris conicis, subapiculatis, diametro circa 500 p.

f. verrucosa Fosl. mscr.
f. crusta irregulariter lobata, tuberculis usque ad 2 mm. altis,
0.5—2 mm. crassis, dense dispositis. Tab. 18, fig. 1—5.

1) After this was in the hands of the printer I met with a form of the species
at Ytterden in the Trondhjem Fjord, growing in a rock-pool at low-water
mark, which partly coincides with f. rosea partly somewhat approaches the
above mentioned North American.

2) Cp. the remarks under L. Strémfeltii as to L. Lenormandt Gobi from
the White Sea, which probably also includes the present species.

82

f. wrregularis Fosl. mscr.

f. tuberculis fere hemisphericis vel irregularibus, plus minusve
laxe dispositis. Tab. 18, fig. 6—9.

Syn. Lithothamnion polymorphum Kjellm. N. Ish, Algfl. p. 134 (102); ex parte.

sec. Spec. ab auct. determ.
Me 3 Kleen, Nordl. Alg. p. 11; ex parte?
A 3 Fosl. Contrib. I, p. 9.

Description of the species. As remarked below under L.
polymorphum 1 consider the present plant an independent species.
It forms incrustations on rocks. The form of the crust partly
depends on that of the substratum, to which it clings closely and
at first firmly, but when older at least often is easily separated
from it. In f. verrucosa the crust puts forth more or less clumsy
protuberances or lobes, or such are formed by covering up extra-
neous objects, and bearing, like the rest of the crust, numerous
wartlike knobs up to about 2 mm. high and 0.5—2 mm. thick,
with in general blunt apices. Pl. 18, fig. 1—5. In the form 7rre-
gularis the crust is more or less irregular, and it is furnished with
less numerous or few wart-like knobs, but more often smaller or
larger subhemispherical or irregular processes. Pl. 18, fig. 5—9.
Upon the primary crust new crusts are formed partly clinging to
the subjacent one partly rather elevated and here and there free,
or covering extraneous objects, or new, local crusts are formed
so as to cover the numerous animals frequently living on or pene-
trating the plant, and the marginal portion of these new forma-
tions may sometimes be more or less free, or they form lamels,
or ridges, or in all very irregular processes. Pl. 18, fig. 7 shows
a specimen with in part small lamels. The crust attains a thick-
ness of up to nearly 1 cm., frequently, however, less. Old indi-
viduais occasionally are to be found nearly free on the bottom,
or become loosened by external causes. Such loosened individuals
continue their growth and new formations are partly formed on
the lower side turned towards the bottom, which, however, is also
the case in fastened but nearly free individuals. Younger speci-
mens are feebly shining, older ones often finely rugged on the
surface. The plant is furnished with short and very fine striz in

83

the crust as well as the knobs, but they are more or less indistinct
and partly wanting in old specimens.

The colour is much fugitive. I have not noted that of fresh
specimens, but dried ones partly are yellowish-white partly yellowish-
brown and occasionally with a purplish tinge.

The structure is rather varying, aS in most other Lithothamnia.
However, the cells of the inner layers of tissue are in a longitu-
dinal section of a knob frequently ionger in proportion to the
thickness than for inst. in L. polymorphum, and the walls appa-
rently thinner, about 10—17 p» long and 6—10 p thick in the
Specimens that I have examined.

The organs of propagation are as a rule very scarce and
apparently seldom attain fully development. They are often attacked
by animals, and in most of the conceptacles of sporangia that |
have examined I did not succeed in finding spores, or I met with
small animals or animal substance fully filling the cavity. The
named conceptacles are irregularly scattered over the crust or knobs
and never so numerous as in L. polymorphum, very nearly related
to those of L. glaciale in appearance as well as development,
though less distinctly marked, convex but very little prominent,
and seen from the surface 300—350 y» in diameter, sometimes a
little more sometimes less. The roof is intersected with 30—40
canals, which are crowded in the central portion of the roof. These
canals are jarger than those in LZ. glaciale. The central portion
often gets somewhat depressed when nearly dissolved, and then
it looks, in a certain stage, as if the conceptacles were surrounded
by an annular border, as in L. glaciale. Most of the certainly
few sporangia that I have seen were bisporic, about 100—130 p»
long and 25—35 p broad, but probably attaining larger size, nearly
linear, or a little broader in the middle than towards the ends.
However, in another specimen certainly somewhat differing from
typical f. wregularis in habit, but most probably belonging to this
form I found a conceptacle containing irregularly two- three- and
four-parted sporangia. It may, therefore, be, that the sporangia
have not been fully developed and mature ones in fact are
tetrasporic.

84

In a specimen from Borgever in Lofoten partly according
with f. verrucosa partly furnished with some crowded, short and
rather coarse branches reminding one of those in certain forms of
L. glaciale | found well developed and apparently mature bisporic
sporangia about 180 » long and 80 » broad. The part of the
plant agreeing with the precent species was sterile. It may be
that spores of LZ. glaciale have germinated on the named form of
LI. varians, or both are grown together, though any limit between
the crusts of the two supposed species is not to be detected, and
the crust in all most nearly resembles that of the last named
species. :

The named conceptacles finally grow down into the frond,
but overgrown ones appear seldom to be found in any great
number.

In one of my specimens of f. verrucosa | found a few con-
ceptacles of cystocarps. Pl. 18, fig. 5. They are conical, often
rather low, 450—500 p in diameter at the base, with a rather
acute tip and traversed by a single orifice, on the one side ap-
proaching those of L. apiculatum in appearance, but not so abruptly
passing into this tip as in that species, and on the other side rather
more resembling those in L. colliculoswm, but lower and so far
as | have seen never constricted farther down, as often is the case
in the last named species. This tip easily falls away and then
the conceptacles look depressed-conical or subhemispherical. I have
not succeeded in finding the spores.

Some few other conceptacles on the same individual and ap-
parently similar in shape probably are those of antheridia. The
greater part of the roof is in most of them fallen away, and al-
ways the uppermost part. They, however, seem to have been
rather low, and are about 200—250 p in diameter at the base.

I do not know which of the quoted forms might be concidered

the typical form of the species. They certainly are not well de-_

fined, although a limit frequently may be drawn, and they are
often even considerably differing, and in my opinion ought to be
regarded as denominated forms. Along the coast of Finmarken
most of the specimens gathered belong to f. wregularis or forms

pe

85

which are most nearly related to this, but also specimens fully
according with typical f. verrucosa were apparently not uncommon.
The best developed individuals of the latter I met with at Balstad
in Lofoten. However, as I formerly regarded the species identical
with ZL. polymorphum I did not take any greater notice of it at
the different places.

Remark on the synonomy. This species is included in L.
polymorphum recorded by Kjellman 1. c., according to specimens
determined by him. All the specimens that I now possess from
East-Finmarken referred to under that name in Contrib. |. c. also
belong to L. varians, except, perhaps, a specimen from Berlevaag.
Still the plant mentioned by Kleen 1. c. under the name of L.
polymorphum, not unlikely, in part includes the present species.

Relation to other species. The plant rather approaches smaller
individuals of L. glaciale, and it, in some respects, appears to form
an intermediate link between this species and L. polymorphum,
although the conceptacles of sporangia as well as the sporangia
themselves are different in both the named species. On the one
side it shows great affinity to the former, and is not always easily
to be distinguished, as remarked under this, even the conceptacles
of sporangia nearly approaching one another. But on the other
side it occasionally assumes forms, especially such ones growing
on a plain substratum in somewhat sheltered localities, which in
a Sterile state are very difficult or nearly impossible to separate
from the latter. It probably is. most closely related to L. glaciale,
but its nearest relationship cannot be made out before the organs
of propagation are better known.

Habitat. On the coast of Finmarken it frequently lives in the
upper part of the sublitoral region, on a depth of about 2—5
fathom, but it also descends farther down, to about 10 fathoms
water, and on the other hand it also occurs in rock-pools in the
lowest part of the litoral region. Farther to the south I only met
with it in the sublitoral zone. It prefers exposed localities, but
also appearing in somewhat sheltered places. The plant is nearly
always much attacked by animals, which it, if possible, by and
by covers in its existence struggle, being rich in cavities produced

bo Te

/

86

by boring-muscles, which particularly destroy the lower part of
the crust, and always in very numerous passages made by worms.
It grows over younger individuals of Mytilus, shells of Balanidee,
tubes of Serpula and numerous other animals fastened to or living
on it. It also serves as a substratum for Alaria, Laminaria and
other algz, often widely extending over the rocks, and, not seldom,
growing over the root and the lowest part of the stem of those
large algze. Specimens bearing conceptacles of sporangia have been
taken in June, July, August and September, but in very small
numbers and few of them containing sporangia. A solitary speci-
men collected in the later half of September was, as above men-
tioned, provided with some few conceptacles of cystocarps and
probably also antheridia.

Occurrence. I here only record the localities from which I
have specimens left, viz. Havningberg and Berlevaag in East-
Finmarken, Honningsvaag, Havésund, Gjesver and Ingo in West-
Finmarken. A specimen from Kjelvik, picked up from a depth of
about 15 fathom, perhaps also belongs to the same species. Besides
it has been gathered at Skorpen in Kveenangen, and at Balstad
and Borgeveer in Lofoten.

Geogr. Distribution. Some specimens from Greenland that I
have seen, determined by Kjellman as L. polymorphum, not
unlikely, at least in part, belong to this species. Cp. Kjellm. l.c.

Lithothamnion polymorphum (L.) Aresch.

in J. Ag. Spec. Alg. 2, p. 524; Millepora polymorpha L. Syst. Nat. p. 1285;
ex parte.
Descr. Lithothamnion polymorphum Strémf. Algveg. Isl. p. 19, t. 1, fig. 1—3.
Hxsice. : $ Aresch. Alg. Scand. exsicc. No. 302.

f. tuberculata Fosl. mscr.

f. crusta tenuiore; tuberculis 2— 3 mm. altis, 2—5 mm. crassis,
obtusis vel truncatis plus minusve dense dispositis. Tab 17, fig.
7-9,

f. valida Fosl. mscr.

f. crusta crassiore; tuberculis fere hemisphericis, diametro
9—20 mm., altitudine 2—6 mm. Tab. 17, fig. 20—21.

87

f. papillata Fosl. mscr.

f. crusta tenuiore, sublevi vel tuberculis minutis instructa.
Maps. fie. 22-23.

Syn. Millepora polymorpha Mohr, Isl. Naturh. p. 141; ex parte.

Spongites crustacea Ktitz. Spec. Alg. p. 689; Tab. Phyc. 19, t. 97?
Lithothamnion purpureum Cr. Fl. Finist. p. 150; sec. spec.
, polymorphum Kleen, Nordl. Alg. p. 11; ex parte.
- Aresch, Obs. Phyc. 3, p. 5; ex parte.
5 Hauck, Meeresalg. p. 271; ex parte.
‘ = Kjellm. N. Ish. Algfl. p. 184 (102); ex parte.
5 Batt. Mar. Alg. Berw. p. 139; sec. spec. ;
excl. syn.

Remark on the limits of the species. Some forms formerly
referred to this species were removed by Kjellman 1. c. It was
taken in the same sense by me in Contrib. I, most of the speci-
mens there referred to kindly determined by Kjellman and partly
recorded by him |. c. However, regarding the plant distributed
by Areschoug in Alg. Scand. exsicc. No. 302 as the type, 1 am
now of opinion, that the species must still be limited and a form
removed from it, which in fact appears to be rather more nearly
related to L. glaciale. This I consider an independent species,
the before mentioned L. varians. I here record the present species
as defined by Strémfelt |. c. in regard to the vegetative parts,
his specimens, as he remarks, also compared with Areschoug’s
type specimen, and the below quoted shape and development of
the organs of propagation.

Femark on the form of the species. This species seems to
be less varying than several other Lithothamnia, although there is
a rather considerable difference between the most extreme forms.
It perhaps includes more than the above quoted orles. They are,
however, not well defined, as transitions often appear to occur.
I do not know which of them might be considered the typical
form, nor have I seen any great number of specimens, as the plant
has been rather scarce in the tracts where I have collected Litho-
thamnia myself.

The form tuberculata is characterized by its rather thin crust,
about 1—3 mm. in thickness, which bears more or less numerous

88

knobs, that frequently are about 2—3 mm. high and 2—5 mm.
thick, either thickened towards the tip, with obtuse or truncate
ends, or occasionally forming wart-like, subconical or subhemis-
pherical processes. New crusts are formed, one upon the other,
which cling more or less closely to the older one and its knobs,
and thereby also the knobs become thicker, but not always stretched
over the tip of the latter, or here the edges now and then form
somewhat irregular excrescences by trumbling each other. Pl. 17,
fig. 17-19. Especially in younger crusts a smaller or greater
part of the peripherical portion often is free, and this portion is
more or less distinctly zonated, with a whitish brim, and the down-
wards turned part of such a free portion frequently forms rather
distinct concentric ridges. This also now and then is due to new
crusts overlapping extraneous objects.

In f. valida the crust is thicker than in the preceding, up to
5 mm. or more, with larger and subhemispherical processes, which
in general are 5—20 mm. in diameter and 2—6 mm. high. PI.
17, fig. 20—21.. This form reminds one much in habit of L.
loculosum Kjellm. Beringh. Algfl. p. 21, t. 1, fig. 1—2. It often
grows over shells of Balanidee and Mytilus, and the new crusts
are rather closely united to one another, if not covering extraneous
objects.

The form papillata appears to be less independent than any
of the other forms, and often passing into the one or other, but,
on the other hand, in its most extreme form it is rather differing.
The crust is of about the same thickness as in f. twberculata,
partly, however, nearly even, partly more or less uneven and
provided with small processes, particularly in a younger stage with
concentric zonated peripherical portion and whitish brim. Pl. 17,
fig. 22—23. The surface of the frond is in younger individuals
of this as well as the other forms rather smooth and often even
shining. Magnifying shows, however, the surface to be uneven in
consequence of concentric and radiating striz. These striz are
not, or seldom, to be seen in older individuals, and in such ones
the surface never is quite smooth.

On a radial section the cells of the upper thickening layers

89

are rectangular, occasionally nearly squarish, about 10—14 p long
and 6—8 p thick, with most often rather thick walls.

The conceptacles of sporangia, which I also found in Are-
schoug’s above mentioned type, are more or less densely crowded
over the whole frond without any order. I have not seen younger,
but fully or nearly fully developed, or emptied ones. They are
always immersed, seen from the surface depressed-globular or
oblong, not cup-shaped, as in the below mentioned conceptacles,
about 1OO—150 » in diameter, at least towards maturity surrounded
by an annular or oblong border, partly rather indistinct, but visible
by its a little lighter colour, partly distinct, but not or very slightly
raised above the surface of the frond, including this border 200—
300 » in diameter. The roof is intersected with 20—30 muciferous
and rather coarse canals, which towards maturity often are about
8—10 p» in diameter. By and by the roof gets nearly dissolved,
the surrounding parts continue their growth and the conceptacles
become overgrown. Occasionally the whole roof as well as the
greater part of the border falls away, leaving a rather deep hole.
The tetrasporic sporangia are in general 90—110 p» long and 25—
AO or 45 p» broad, by a thickness of about 4/;—1/s of the breadth.

Overgrown conceptacles frequently are numerous, spherical or
flattened-spherical, about 200—300 p in diameter, and now and
then having been filled with local formations of tissue, probably
corresponding with the mentioned falling away of the roof and
border.

The conceptacles of cystocarps and antheridia appear to occur
in other individuals than those bearing sporangia. Once I have
seen them in an individual growing on the same substratum as,
and in part confluent with another individual bearing sporangia.
However, I am not sure whether the below described organs in-
clude the one or other, or, as I am most inclined to suppose, both
the named ones. I found them in two small specimens from Mandal
and a couple of others from Helgoland, the former kindly sent
me by Prof. Wille and the latter by Dr. Kuckuck.

In the named specimens from Mandal the conceptacles are
from the surface of the frond at first visible as globular points

90

which are imperceptible to the naked eye, 150—250 p in diameter.
These points are slightly lighter than the surrounding parts, in the
middle intersected with a single and rather indistinct canal, and
the periphery forming a more or less light and very narrow annular
border, not, however, raised above the surface of the frond. By
and by the roof becomes sitghtly convex, seldom nearly hemisphe-
rical or depressed-conical, rather thick, but in all very little pro-
minent, of the same diameter as above quoted, with the orifice
more distinct, but, so far as I have seen, not yet any spores for-
med. Later the central portion of the roof gets thinly decorticated,
but the conceptacles apparently not yet fully developed, nor did I
find any distinct spores in the, however, very few conceptacles
that I have seen in this state of development.

In the specimens from Helgoland I found some few concep-
tacles very nearly resembling the named convex ones, and in others
a smaller or greater part of the central portion decorticated, seen
from the surface apparently by and by assuming a cup-shaped or
depressed-oblong form, with not or very slightly elevated edges,
successively depressed towards the centre, and the not much de-
pressed central portion traversed by a single canal. Conceptacles
in the last named state were numerous and appeared to be fully
developed, at least some of them containing apparently mature
spermatia, and others not unlikely carpospores, the former flattened
and rounded or rounded-angulate, about 60 p» in diameter, the
latter broadiy cuneate or oblong, but in all rather irregular, about
70 » long and 40—50 p broad. At maturity the orifice becomes
larger, a smaller or greater part of the roof gets dissolved, or the
whole roof falls away, leaving a rather deep hole.

From the rather scanty materials at my disposal, with the
conceptacles in the specimens from Mandal in one and the same
state of development, and so also in those from Helgoland, I have
not been able to decide with certainty whether the first named
really bear cystocarpic conceptacles in development, or both these
and the antheridian ones. And 1 am not sure whether the last
named specimens only were provided with spermatia, and if so,
the latter are extremely varying, or if in fact are both the named

91

organs, so that the convex conceptacles are cystocarpic ones in
development. There is a slight difference between the convex con-
ceptacles in the specimens from Mandal and the convex in those
from Helgoland, as the latter appear frequentiy to be even less
prominent and, especially those cup-shaped, in general a little larger
than the former, although I, on the other hand, have not seen
any true limit between the convex, in part decorticated, and the
cup-shaped and fully. developed conceptacles.

There can be but little doubt that the here mentioned speci-
mens belong to one and the same species, or to the present one.

Also these conceptacles apparently grow down into the frond,
but are on the other hand often effaced by local formations of
tissue. In one specimen with all the conceptacles emptied I found
numerous such formations forming even disc-shaped, light and
slightly projecting processes, which I, however, have occasionally
seen also in other species.

Remark on the synonomy. Most of the authors from the
former century did not refer crust-like Lithothamnia to this species,
or all the forms known were apprehended as one and the same
species, L. polymorphum. Among these probably was Linné,
Gunnerus, Bsper, Hillis et Solander, Momr, and others.
The latter refers 1. c. to Apora polymorpha Gunn. in Act. Nidros.
4, p. 70, which includes the forms mentioned under L. boreale, L.
fruticulosum and L. coralloides, and he adds: ,I1 Fidru-Maalet
treeffes den almindelig, men under en anden SkikKelse, nemlig ikke
anderledes end en kalk, der har bekledt Stene, Snekker 9g Skaller,
oftest kurlakred, uden Grene eller Knorter“. Here probably is in-
cluded the present species, as well as L. circumscriptum and L.
Stromfeltu. Also in the former half of this century the species
often has been taken nearly in the same sense (cp. Johnston
and Kiitzing 1. c.), or it has been very differently understood,
until Areshoug defined it as a true crust-like plant, but later,
and even by Areschoug himself, it has been the general practice
to refer all or nearly all such forms to the present species. Cp.
tagelim, 1. c:

Of L. purpureum Cr. I have seen 4 small fragments from

92

Crouan’s collection in Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. One of these
is provided with newly emptied conceptacles of sporangia coinci-
ding with those of the species in question, and Crouan quotes
the sporangia to be tetrasporic, and it in all accords well with
L. polymorphum. It is only about 1.5 mm. thick, but overgrown
conceptacles are visible from the side of the fragment. The roofs
of the emptied conceptacles are fully dissolved, but not any part
of the border, the holes 150—180 » in diameter, and including
the border the conceptacles have been 200—300 y in diameter
Seen from the surface. Two of the other fragments destitute of
conceptacles perhaps or probably also are referrible to the same
species. The fourth on the other hand seems to be somewhat.
differing, but it is too small and fragmentary to be determined, as
it only forms a part of the peripherical portion of af larger specimen.

Felation to other species. As remarked under L. varians
these two species may easily be confounded in a sterile stage.
So also in regard to the following species, L. imerustans. They,
are, however, distinguished by characters quoted under the latter.
The species on the other hand sometimes approaches in habit cer-
tain forms of L. papillosum Zanard.

A Specimen that 1 got from Dr Bornet, gathered ane ee
Croisic (Loire Inférieure)“, rather resembles in habit L. papdllosum
Zanard. in Hauck, Meeresale. t. 2, fig. 4, with smaller or larger
processes. I, however, found some few conceptacles of spo-
rangia, which fully accord with those in L. polymorphum, and,
no doubt, being a form of this species most nearly related to f.
papillata. Overgrown conceptacles are numerous, but I have not
seen the sporangia.

A British specimen gathered at Swanage by Mr. Batters is
nearly related to the latter in habit, however, with more numerous,
a little larger and more irregular knobs. It not unlikely is also a
form of L. polymorphum, but it is sterile and, therefore, the deter-
mination not certain.

Of L. papillosum Mad. A. Weber van Bosse kindly sent me
3 specimens from Hauck’s herbarium for examination. Two of
these fully coincide with Hauck’s description 1. c., and it probably

93

is a well defined species. They are about 4—6 mm. thick. Upon
the primary crust new crusts are formed, sometimes closely united
to one another, sometimes and more often, in one and the same
specimen, rather loosely connected, with in part visible interwalls,
or covering extraneous objects. Together with the wart-like and
small prominences small lamels often are formed, with the edges
free and bent downwards, or gripe over and older prominence,
or at length form hollow prominences. These lamels are frequently
concentric zonated. The conceptacles grow down into the frond.
They are in a median section about 100 » high and 200—250 in
diameter. I have not seen superficial conceptacles of sporangia,
nor do the sporangia appear to be Known. I, however, found
some few other superficial conceptacles, which apparently are cy-
stocarpic ones, and probably those mentioned by Hauck l. c. p.
272. They are nearly subhemispherical, with a single orifice and
about 300—400 p in diameter. The third specimen rather differs
from the other two. It is of about the same thickness as these,
but the frond appears to be composed of minute lamels more or
less densely united. Seen from the surface these lamels are very
small and horizontally extended, seldom slightly raised, giving the
surface a rugged and squamellate appearance. It is sterile, and I
have not examined the structure, nor do I know whether it really
is a form of L. papillosum, or, more probably, belongs to another
Species, not unlikely even of the subgenus Lithophyllwim. It grows
together with a very small fragment of typical L. papilloswm.
Habitat. On the northern part of the coast the plant lives in
rockpools, or on nearly perpendicular rocks in the lower part of the
litoral region. It also occurs a little below extreme low-water
mark, to about 1 fathom, but I do not know whether it descends
farther down in the sublitoral region. On the south-western coast
I met with it in 2—-3 fathoms water, as at Hvitingso near Hauge-
sund, and in the Christiania-Fjord it has been taken on a depth
of about 5 fathom. It appears in sheltered places as well as in
rather exposed localities, and it apparently develops organs of pro-
pagation nearly all the year at least in more southern waters. Thus
it is found near Troms6 with ripe sporangia in the middle of June

94

and with conceptacles (of sporangia?) in development in the former
half of September. On the southern coast it bears reproductive
organs, especially sporangia, in July and December, partly mature
partly in development. Summer- and winter-specimens from Helgo-
land are partly furnished with sporangia partly with spermatia (and
carpospores?). On the coast of Britain it develops reprodiictive
organs in February and on the coast of France in May, but pro-
bably also at other seasons of the year.

Occurrence. In the sense here taken the species has not with
certainty been found farther to the north than Honningsvaag in
West-Finmarken, and here apparently rare; Skorpen in Kveenangen,
local and scarce (f. twberculata); Lyngé near Troms6, local but
pretty plentiful (f. valéda); the coast of Nordland, common, accor-
ding to Kleen I. c.; Sulen in Sogn (Boye); Hvitingso; Mandal
(Wille); and Nesodden in the Christiania-Fjord, a solitary specimen
(Schreiner). It probably is more commonly dispersed along the
western and south-western coast.

Geogr. Distribution. The Bahusian coast of Sweden (Are-
schoug); Iceland (Stré6mtelt); Britain (Batters); Helgoland
(Kuckuck); France (Crouan, Bornet). The form quoted by
Hauck |. c. from the Adriatic Sea very likely is ZL. wmerustans
Phil. Cp. under this species.

Lithothamnion incrustans (Phil.) Fosl. mscr.
Lithophyllum incrustans Phil. in Wiegm. Arch. p. 388; Solms Laub. Corall. p. 16.

f. depressa (Crn.) Fosl. mscr.
Lithothamnion depressum Crn. Fl. Finist. p. 151.
Descr. Lithophyllum incrustans Solms Laub. 1. c.
Fug. Lithothamnion incrustans f. depressa tab. nostr. 18, fig. 1O—11.

f. Harveyt Fosl. mscr.
Descr. et Fig. Melobesia polymorpha Harv. Phye. Brit. pl. 345,
fig. Lithothamnion incrustans f. Harveyi tab. nostr. 18, fig. 12—15.

Syn. Nullipora polymorpha Johnst. Brit. Spong. and Lithoph. p. 238; ex
parte; pl) 205 fis. 2-3
Melobesia polymorpha Harv. Man. p. 108; ex parte.
Spongites confluens Kitz. Spec. Alg. p. 698; Tab. Phyc. 19, t. 97;
Aresch in J. As. Spec: Ale. 25 ip) 519?

95

Syn. Spongites incrustans liitz. Spec. Alg p, 698.

racemosa Ktitz. Phyc. gen. 386; Phyc. germ. p. 296; Spec.
Ale. p. 698? Cfr. Tab. Phye. 19, p. 30.

Lithophyllum incrustans Aresch in J. Ag. Spec. Alg. 2. p. 519.

”

Lithothamnion crassum Unger, Leithakalk p.. 21, t. 5, fig. 9?

f polymorphum Crn. FI. Finist. p. 151.

> x Le Jol. Liste Alg. Cherb. p. 151; saltem
eX parte.

ts 3 Rosan. Melob. p. 99; saltem ex parte.

Fs = Hauck, Meeresalg. p. 27]; saltem ex parte.

Remark on the determination of the species. I have not the
advantage to decide with certainty what Philippi has meant by
his L. incrustans. He refers to Corallina cretacewm lichenoides
mite Corllsp ot t. 27, tic. d. Dione of which is probably not
a Lithothamnion, the other not unlikely represents the species in
question, although the figure does not give any good idea of the
plant. Solms Laubach l.c. declares L. imerustans in its typical
development to be easily recognized from the nearly allied L. po-
lymorphum Aresch., but it is on the other hand not quite evident
whether it really may be the same plant that I apprehend as L.
merustans. Thus he remarks, that ,die Conceptacula sind ausser-
lich nicht sichtbar“ and that the surface is often sprinkled ,,mit
nadelstichartigen Léchern“, which by Ktitzing is quoted as a
character of his Spongites confluens, the latter being considered by
Solms Laubach identical with L. incrustans, and these holes
he states to be ,nur die Miindungen zahlreicher, von Thieren ge-
bohrter Gange“. In this respect the plant in the sense here taken
quite differs from that of Solms Laubach. The conceptacles
of sporangia are, as below mentioned, visible from the surface of
the frond just as small pin-holes, but they are, on the other hand,
particularly when emptied, easily confounded with passages made
by worms, which certainly are often to be found in this as well
as in all or nearly all other species. He records as a well marked
character, that LZ. merustans distinguishes itself by the colour of
a fracture of the frond.’ ,Auf dem Querbruch ist er schmutzig-
weiss .... Normal entwickelte Individuen beider Arten eleichen
sich vollkommen, lassen sich aber in frischen Zustand sofort an

96

der Farbe des Querbruchs unterscheiden, welcher namlich hier (L.
polymorphum) nicht triibweiss, sondern schén gelb erscheint*. I
have not seen fresh specimens of L. mmecrustans, but judging from
L. polymorphum and dried specimens of both, this character is,
in my opinion, of less value, as the colour of the surface as well
as that of the fracture is also rather varying and often depends
on the locality where the plants grow and relations connected with
this. However, there can be but little doubt, that the species is,
in the sense here taken, identic with that considered by Solms-
Laubach to be ZL. mecerustans Phil. He refers to an Adriatic
specimen, that he got from Dr. Hauck under the name of Z.
polymorphum. Also of this form Mad. A. Weber van Bosse
kindly sent me two specimens from Hauck’s herbarium for exa-
mination, which are mentioned below. If not, the name L. de-
pressum Crn. has the priority.

Remark on the form and addition to the description of the
species. Of L. depressum Crn. { have seen three authentic but
small fragments from the collection in Museum d Histoire Naturelle,
all of which are provided with conceptacles of sporangia, and the
one also with those of cystocarps. The crust is about 1—2 mm.
thick, and the surface is partly nearly even, smooth and somewhat
shining, partly irregular, with some few, small and irreguler ex-
crescences. The conceptacles of sporangia are irregularly scattered
or crowded over the whole frond, seen from the surface strikingly
reminding one of small and shallow pin-holes, about 50—80O p in
diameter. They at first appear as indistinct depressed-circular
points. Later the deepenings get a little larger, the central part
deepest, darker and more distinct, the bottom of which forms a
part of the roof of the Conceptacle. The surrounding part is also
slightly depressed and gradually passing into the surface of the
frond. I have not seen more than a single canal traversing the
centre of the roof, which is to be found also in younger conceptacles,
about 15—20p. in diameter. Towards maturity this canal becomes
larger, or at length the greater part of the roof falls away, leaving
a hole about 80—120 » in diameter, sometimes a little smaller
sometimes larger. These holes much resemble passages made by

97

worms. Crouan |. c. quotes the sporangia to be bisporic. Ho-
wever, this may probably depend thereon, that he has examined
not fully developed ones. Judging from a solitary conceptacle
examined they appear in fact to be tetrasporic. I also found some
bisporic, but neither the former nor the latter appeared to be ma-
ture. The cystocarpic conceptacles are convex or nearly hemis-
pherical, 150—200 yp in diameter, most frequently very little pro-
minent and furnished with a rather coarse orifice, in appearance
rather resembling a certain stage of those mentioned under L.
polymorphum. 1 have not seen the spores.

A specimen that I got from Dr. Bornet under the name of
L. polymorphum cum tetrasporis“, gathered at Cherbourg, is
nearly related to the above mentioned in habit. The crust is about
2 mm. thick, the surface rather irregular, with subhemispherical or
irregular but small processes, smooth and rather shining. PI. 18,
fig. 10. Seen from the surface the conceptacles of sporangia form
in a younger stage very small, shallow depressed-circular points
about 20—30 y in diameter, owing to the dark bottom, a part of
the roof, looking as deeper holes, with not or scarcely not depressed
edges. Later the edges or a slightly larger part of the surrounding
portion than in Crouan’s specimens get depressed, and thereby
the points are more easily perceptible and even look a little larger
than in the latter, but still gradually passing into the surface of
the frond. Also the central portion by and by becomes a little
larger, as a part of the edges get dissolved, though frequently
smaller than in the named specimens, or not more than about 50
/- in diameter, but probably not yet fully developed.

Another but smaller and younger specimen ,,cum disporis“
that I also got from Dr. Bornet under the same name and from
the same place nearly accords in habit with the former, but
partly with an indistinct whitish brim. It bears some few concep-
tacles of sporangia nearly coinciding with the above mentioned and
most developed ones, but the edges less depressed. I also found
but bisporic sporangia, abouth 120 » long and 50 p broad, and
some of them even with an apparently fully developed wall, but
they were probably not mature. As before mentioned the parti-

98

tion of the sporangia in immersed conceptacles apparently takes.
place in a more slow succession and, therefore, the middle wall
may perhaps be even fully developed before the other walls are
founded. , The specimen also bears conceptacles of cystocarps in
development.

The named specimens from the Adriatic Sea (Hauck’s coll.
No. 72) belongs to the same series of forms, and so also most
probably that represented in Hauck, Meeresale. t. 1, fig. 5. The
other figure (4) not unlikely is identic with the below mentioned
f. Harveyt. The one specimen has a rather even and smooth
surface, with a couple of smaller and rather clumsy protuberances.
In the other some individuals originally have fastened themselves
to one and the same substratum, in their farther growth anasto-
mosing, and the edges trumbling each other form coarse ridges.
Otherwise it is partly even and smooth partly with some few irre-
gular processes. In both I found some few conceptacles of spo-
rangia fully according with those in L. depresswm Crn., seen from
the surface 60—80 p in diameter. In a few others the whole
roof has by some reason disappeared, the emptied conceptacle for-
ming a hole about 200 p in diameter.

Another and younger specimen from Hauck’s herbarium, ga-
thered at Miramar and labelled L. Lenormandi nearly covers an
individual perhaps being the latter, which specimen probably also
belongs to the same series of forms as the above mentioned. It
is richly provided with in part even confluent cystocarpic concep-
tacles, that very nearly accord with those mentioned under L. de-
pressum Crn., about 150—200 yp in diameter.

The here mentioned specimens without any doubt belong to
one and the same species, L. depressum Crn., which I adopt as
a form of L. merustans Phil., very likely being the typical form
of this species. This form is, besides, as to the reproductive or-
gans, characterized by its crust either being in part even, or bea-
ring more or less numerous subhemispherical or irregular, but fre-
quently small processes. ‘The peripherical portion is in general and
especially in older individuals not much thinner than the internal,
never, so far as I have seen concentric zonated and not even in

99

younger specimens with any distinct whitish brim. Old specimens
appear to be more vaulted, which probably sometimes also is the
case in younger, as Solms Laubach remarks l.c. ,In der Jugend
ist er kreisfOrmig und in Folge des in der Mitte rasch voranschrei-
tenden Dickenwachsthums ziemlich stark convex“. The crust at-
tains a thickness of at least | cm. New crusts formed upon the
primary one are closely united to each other, and the limits are
difficult to detect, except when covering extraneous objects, which,
however, apparently not often infest this form. The surface is
frequently smooth, more seldom with local, scaly thickenings or
other local new formations, partly rather shining partly not. The
four-parted sporangia, of which I have seen but few, appear to be
about 100—120 p» long and 30—5SO p broad. Overgrown con-
ceptacles sometimes are numerous sometimes very few, almost
Spherical and about 200 p» in diameter. Some specimens gathered
at Mandal on the south coast, also bearing conceptacles of spo-
rangia, most of which are emptied and the whole roof having dis-
appeared, partly accord with this form (cp. pl. 18, fig. 11) partly
form transitions to f. Harvey.

The plant recorded by Harvey |. c. under the name of Melo-
besia polymorpha also has been one of the doubtful forms, which
by Areschoug as well as some recent authors is referred to L.
polymorphum. As before remarked there is no authentic specimen
of Harveys Lithothamnia in existence. I got, however, some spe-
cimens from Mr. Batters, gathered at Cumbrae and considered
by him to be identic with Harveys plant, which without any
doubt really is the case However, Harvey referred all the crust-
like forms known to him to the same species, as he remarks him-
self, and among these probably also the true L. polymorphum.
Cp. Phyc. Brit. and Man. |. c. But, on the other hand, the figures
in Phyc. Brit. as well as the description of the reproductive organs
refer to the form in question. He describes the conceptacles such:
,Ceramidia minute, dot-like, sunk deeply in the outher layers of
cells, extremely numerous and often punctuating over the whole
surface of fertile fronds as if they had been closely marked with
pin-holes“. There can be no doubt that this refers to the con-

100

ceptacles of sporangia and agrees perfectly with the specimens that
I have seen. In this respect Harvey's plant fully coinsides with
the above quoted f. depressa, only the conceptacles frequently a
little larger. The point-like depeenings are, in the named specimens,
at first 40—50 p in diameter, in a more advanced state getting
larger, about 70—80 yp. in diameter, and, so far as I have seen,
always with a single orifice, which towards maturity becomes
larger, or the whole bottom, a part of the roof, as well as the
lower part of the depressed edges of these depenings get dissolved,
especially in dead specimens even the whole roof, and then for-
ming distinct holes about 200—300 yp in diameter. I found nume-
rous sporangia, but at least most of them appeared not to be fully
developed, unparted or bisporic and among the latter some few
with apparently a fully developed wall, as in the above mentioned
French specimen of f. depressa. I, however, also found a couple
of tetrasporic ones and two others with indistinst partition of the
one or both just formed cells. I, therefore, consider mature and
normaly developed sporangia to be tetrasporic. They are very
much varying in shape and size.. Sometimes I found them 120—
150 » long and even up to 65 yp broad, sometimes and apparently
in the same state of development only about 90 » long and 30—40
py broad. Overgrown conceptacles partly are very numerous partly
few. In one of the specimens bearing conceptacles of sporangia
I also found a couple of other conceptacles, which probably are
those of cystocarps. They nearly agree in shape with those in
f. depressa, but are a little larger, or up to 250 p» in diameter at
the base. ;
This form, which I propose to name f. Harvey2, can hardly
be considered a separate species. It is nearly connected with f.
depressa, and especially the above mentioned specimens from Man-
dal shov complete transition. On the other hand it is, in its most
extreme form, much differing, and a specimen from the west coast
probably belonging to the present form even somewhat approaches
L. crispatum Hauck |. c. t. 2, fig. 3 in habit, and Mr. Batters
informs me, that it often comes near J. expanswm in appearance.
It seems to be extremely varying, the primary crust often nearly

101

disappearing, and the more or less anastomosing and iregular
knobs now and then divided in a very irregular manner, or bearing
irregular processes. Pl. 18, fig. 12—15, which represents British
specimens. It is nearly always much attacked by animals, new
formations are formed so as to cover these as well as other extra-
neous objects, the edges often being free, or the overlapping flaps
nearly in contact with each other bend downwards and form a
deepening over the overlapping object, which, however, also may
be a knob or a short branch, or not closed at the summit, that
sometimes may be more or less compressed or wavy, and in all
assuming peculiar forms, most of which probably are raised in its
struggle for existence, as specimens not much attacked by animals
more or less approach f. depressa also in habit.

Besides the above mentioned specimen from the west coast |
have seen another fromthe same locality (Sulen in Sogn), that
most probably belongs to f. Harvey2, but it is sterile and the lower
or older parts nearly destroyed, the upper and younger ones co-
vering tubes of Serpula, shells and other objects.

A British specimen frona Chapman’s Porl. Dorset, referrec by
Batters to the same form, rather reminds one of certain forms
of L. polymorphum and especially f. tuberculata in habit. The
erust is about 2 mm. thick, with rather densely crowded and in
part anastomosing knobs up to 7 mm. high and 5 mm. in dia-
meter, but more or less irregular in shape, and here and there
with some wart-like processes. It on the other hand seems to
be nearly related to f. Harveyt and not unlikely belonging to
this, but it is sterile and cannot, therefore, be determined with
certainty.

As to the structure the species appears often to be rather
varying. In the form depressa | frequently found the cells of the
upper thickening layers to be about 1O—12 » long and 5—6 p thick
on a radial section, and pretty uniform, but especially in f. Har-
wey? the named cells sometimes are of about the same size some-
times much larger even in one and the same specimen. Here I
found them up to 18 p long and 9 » broad, nearly always elongated,

with rather thin walls. Occasionally the cell-rows are in vertical
; yes

102

direction of the frond so loosely connected, that they after decalci-
fying are easily separated by pressure.

With reference to colour it also appears to be subject to much
variation. Crouan quotes the colour in f. depressa to be ,rosée“.
The named fragments that I have seen are much faded, partly,
however, with a faint purplish tinge. The specimen from Dr.
Bornet’s collection with tetrasporic sporangia (pl. 18, fig. 10) is
yellowish-brown and partly with a purplish tinge. Another speci-
men from Cherbourg is feebly wine-coloured. Solms Laubach
remarks |. c., that the colour ,schwankt zwischen tribroth und
braunlichviolet; an Uppig wachsenden Exemplaren ist seine Ober-
flache blaulich bereift*. In f. Harveyt the colour of living speci-
mens is according to Mr. Batters ,a purplish pink very much
like that of L. polymorphum but fainter and more fugitive*. Dried
specimens of both forms often closely resemble each other in colour.

Remark on the synonomy. Besides the above mentioned sy-
nonymes is to be remarked, that L. polymorphum Crn. no doubt.
also belongs to the present species and stands nearest to f. Harveyt..
I have seen three authentic but fragmentary specimens, which are
up to 1 cm. in thickness, with rather coarse and irregular processes.
The conceptacles of sporangia accord with those of the present
species, and the sporangia are tetrasporic, of about the same size
as the above quoted smaller ones in f. Harvey.

So also with regard to L. polymorphwm Le Jol:, of which
I have seen a smaller specimen (Herb. Le Jol. No. 1745). It is.
about | mm. thick, confluent crusts form ridges, but otherwise
being nearly even and smooth, with conceptacles of sporangia and
cystocarps in development, and most probably identic with f. de-
pressa. In an overgrown conceptacle I found tetrasporic sporangia.
Whether it, however, is identic with the form distributed in Alg.
mar. Cherb. No. 11 is unknown to me.

As mentioned under ZL. fruticulosum and L. crassum John-
stons Null. polymorpha probably includes both these species as.
well’as the) present.” (Phus soll 25) fig. 2—3 1. c. represent forms, —
that seem to be most nearly related to f. Harveyi, the one, fig: 2,
however, perhaps being a form of L. crasswm.

103

Relation to other species. This plant in some respects corre-
sponds with the northern L. varians, the form Harvey? nearly
connected in habit with certain forms of that Species, but it is in
fact most nearly allied to L. polymorphwm, and sterile specimens
especially of f. depressa easily may be confounded with the latter.
The colour, however, is frequently lighter and more fugitivel, the
marginal portion in general comparatively thicker and, so far as |
have seen, never concentric zonated, nor that of new-formed crusts
overlapping extraneous objects, and the surface appears not to be
furnished with concentric or radiating striz, as often is the case
particularly in younger individuals of L. polymorphum, although
not always. Fertile specimens are on the other hand easily di-
stinguished, and it cannot then be confounded with any form of
the latter.

Habitat. With us it apparently grows in the upper part of
the sublitoral region. It appears to prefer protected places. Spe-
cimens collected in the former half of August were provided with
partly emptied partly not fully developed conceptacles of sporangia.
On the coast of Britain it bears the named organs as well as
conceptacles of cystocarps in August, and on the coast of France
in April, September and November,.in most cases with not mature
sporangia and carpospores, but also emptied conceptacles.

Occurrence. Only found at Mandal (Wille), apparently scarce
(f. depressa and transitions to f. Harveyt), and two not quite cer-
tain specimens of f. Harveyt at Sulen in Sogn (Boye).

Geogr. Distribution. Britain (Harvey, Batters); the Atlantic
coast of France (Crouan, Le Jolis, Bornet); the Mediterranean
Sea (Philippi, Solms-Laubach); the Adriatic Sea (Ktitzing,
Hauck).

Lithothamnion compactum Kkjellm.
N. Ish. Alefl. p. 132 (101).
Descr. et Hig. Lithothamnion compactum Kjellm. 1. c. et t. 6., fig. 8—12.
Fig. = . tab. nostr, 19. fig. 1—4.
Syn. Lithothamnion polymorphum Farl. New Engl. Alg. p. 182; saltem ex parte.

- 5 Igjellm. Algenv. Murm. Meer, p. 8.
3 circumseriptum validum Rosenv. Grenl. Havalg. p. 775.

104

Addition to the description of the species. Most of the spe-
cimens of this species that I have seen are thinner and younger
than those mentioned by Kjellman 1. c., the crust Omiya lee
mm. in thickness, but bearing conceptacles of sporangia, a couple,
however, even up to 2.5 cm. thick, with numerous new crusts
formed upon the primary. The surface of younger individuals is
even and smooth, in older it often becomes somewhat uneven, and
once I even found a couple of very small excrescences. It partly
is feebly shining partly not, and especially old individuals appear
frequently to be dull or nearly dull. Pl. 19, fig. 1—4.

The conceptacles of sporangia are rather densely crowded
over the whole frond without any order, occasionally so densely
that they become angular, and even close to~ the margin of the
crust. They appear from the surface at first as small and lighter
points, which soon become a little larger and by and by depressed,
towards maturity forming nearly cup-shaped but shallow deepenings
about 150—200 yp. in diameter, a smaller central portion frequently
gets more depressed, about 100 » in diameter, and this portion is
intersected with 10—20 rather coarse muciferous canals. Occa-
sionally they somewhat approach those of L. merustams in appea-
rance. At maturity the named central portion of the roof falls
away, and the surrounding parts. sometimes become lighter and
easily dissolvable sometimes not, the peripherical portion or thicke-
ning layer of the frond continues its growth and the conceptacles
become overgrown. Now and then the whole roof falls away,
probably on account of external causes, or if the conceptacles are
very densely crowded, and then the emptied conceptacles form
distinct and rather deep holes about 200—250 p in diameter. These
holes often get effaced by new local formations of tissue, and such
filled conceptacles are to be seen on a section. Overgrown con-
ceptacles partly are numerous partly very few, on a radial section
forming more or less regular rows parallel to the surface of the
frond. I have seen but some few sporangia, which were bisporic,
but I do not know whether they were quite mature, 120—160 p
long and 50—80 p broad. Cp. Rosenv. |. c. The cell-rows of

105

the upper thickening layers are after decalcifying easily separated
by pressure.

Remark on the synonomy. According to kindly communica-
tion of Prof. Farlow he considers his L. polymorphum to be
most nearly related to L. compactum. On the same substratum
as a specimen of his L. fasciculatwm, mentioned under L. colli-
culosum, 1 found a small crust with sporangia in development,
which belongs to the present species, and the named plant most
probably at least in the main includes L. compactum. Besides, I
got a well developed, sporangia-bearing specimen from Mr. Collins,
which also is identic with this species. Pl. 19, fig. 4. Collins’
coll. 2136. Eagle Island, Maine. Apparently thrown up from
deep water".

I cannot agree with Kolderup Rosenvinge, that his L.
cireumscriptum validum belongs to the species, to which it is
referred by him. He had the kindness to send me specimens of
this form, and, in my opinion, it is not a form of L. circumscriptum,
but accords well with L. compactum. He remarks that it is not
impossible, that the plant may be identic with the latter!), but has
on the other hand seen. every transition to L. circwmseriptum,
and, therefore, he thinks it referrible to this. However, if it may
be considered a Specific character whether the conceptacles of
sporangia grow down into the frond, or not, L. cwrcumscriptum
must only with regard to this character be regarded a species
different from the older LZ. compactum. In the former the concep-
tacles never grow down into the frond according to Strémfelt.*)
[ have, too, collected rather numerous specimens of this species
fully coinciding with Stromfelt’s description, and the immersed
conceptacles do not become overgrown. On the other hand, in
LI. circumscriptum & validwm, as Rosenvinge remarks |. c. ,af-
kastes kun Laaget, men ikke hele Konceptakiets Loft, og idet dette
og de mellem Konceptaklerne liggende Partier fortseette Vzeexten,
bliver Konceptaklerne overvoxede". The conceptacles of sporangia

1) Det er ikke umuligt, at denne form kan vere identisk med LZ. compactum
Kjellm.*
2) Algveg. Isl. p. 20.

-

ah thes ‘saa 5

106

mentioned by Kjellman 1. c. appear to have been younger and
those mentioned by Rosenvinge fully developed or emptied.
Greenlandic specimens accord in this respect with specimens that
I got from Spitzbergen (pl. 19, fig. 3), American (pl. 19, fig. 4)
and Norwegian (pl. 19, fig. 1—2), in which I also found younger
conceptacles agreeing with younger ones in an authentic specimen
from Kjellman’s collection, gathered at Novaya Zemlya. The
named organs are different in both species, although they, in cer-
tain states of development, may be rather easily confounded. The
above mentioned falling away of the whole roof in L. compactum
does not take place successively and in the same manner as in
L. creumscriptum, and even in this case the conceptacles may be
overgrown. If, however, the holes become filled with new local
formations of tissue, as apparently often being the case, such filled.
conceptacles frequently are to be seen on a Section, which, so far
as my experience goes, never is the case in L. cirewmscriptum,
showing that the thickening meristema in L. compactum is super-
ficial, overlapping this new formations, but in L. circwmseruptum
lying below the basal surface of the conceptacles. I have even
seen the greater part of a new crust upon an older being rubbed
or dissolved together with’ the conceptacles.” “Pl 19) meme ame
therefore, suppose it to be specimens in which the whole roof of
the conceptacies is fallen away, that Rosenvinge regards as
transitions to L. circumscriptwm, and such specimens occasionally
rather remind one of the latter. However, the last named species
never attains the thickness of L. compactum, scarcely up to 1 mm.,
and the peripherical portions always are thinner than the internal,
while in L. compactum the former sometimes may be even thicker
than the latter and the plant slightly concave. Besides, the con-
ceptacles in L. cireumseriptum occupy a sharply defined Zone,
developed successively from the centre towards the periphery, so
that the inner frequently are emptied before the outer are founded,
but always with a sterile peripherical portion. In J. compactum,
on the other hand, they are contemporary developed over the ~
whole frond and frequently even close to the margin.

elation to other species. As remarked by Prof. Kjellman~

e

>

107

himself, this species appears to show greatest affinity to L. meru-
stans, from which it, however, is distinguished especially with re-
gard to the shape and size of the conceptacles of sporangia, as
well as the sporangia themselves.

Habitat. On the Norwegian coast it lives in the upper part
of the sublitoral region, on about 5—6 fathoms water, both on
Open coast and in sheltered places. Specimens collected in June
to September were provided with conceptacles of sporangia in de-
velopment. I, however, did not succeed to find the sporangia.
On the coast of Novaya Zemlya it bears young conceptacles at
the end of June and July. Specimens from Spitzbergen probabiy
taken in July or August were furnished with well developed spo-
rangia, and on the coast of Greenland in the later half of June.
In American specimens collected in July and September I partly
found apparently mature sporangia partly in development. Cysto-

carpic and antheridian conceptacles still are unknown.

Oceurrence. Found at Kjelm6 (Sydvaranger) and Mehavn in
East-Finmarken, Kistrand and Kvalsund in West-Finmarken, at
Skorpen in Kveenangen, and at Tromsd, everywhere apparently rare.

Geogr. Distribution. Novaya Zemlya (Kjellman); Spitzber-
gen; Greenland (Rosenvinge); the Atlantic coast of North America
(Farlow, Collins).

Lithothamnion testaceum Fosl. mscr.

_L. fronde crustacea, crustis superimpositis demum usque ad
1 cm. crassa, pallida rosea, superficie ineequali, tuberculis subse-
miglobosis vel irregularibus instructa; conceptaculis sporangiferis
sub foveola leviter excavata immersis, diametro 100—140 p; spo-
rangiis quaternas sporas foventibus, 90—120 p longis, 25—50 p
fans; bab, 19, fis. 5—y.

Description of the species. The plant forms irregular crusts
of a rose pink colour, older sometimes with a yellowish tinge.
The form of the crust partly depends on that of the substratum.
New crusts are formed upon the primary, sometimes rather closely
clinging to the subjacent sometimes loosely covering extraneous
objects, or partly nearly free, with concentric strie in the part

108

turning downwards, at length attaining a thickness of about 1 cm. |
It is more os less uneven, which, however, often depends on the
‘substratum, as it frequently covers shells of Balanidee and other
animals fastened to the rock, or grows over animals fastened to
younger crusts of the plant itself. But it also is provided with
subhemispherical or irregular processes, or new local and irregular
crusts are formed upon the older. Pl. 19, fig. 5—9. Is is extre-
mely traversed by worms especially in the lower layers, so that
it here often rather resembles a mesh-work. ‘The surface appears
perfectly smooth to the naked eye, as if it were polished, but
magnified shows here and there rather indistinct concentric and
radiating Striee, sterile crusts feebly shining but fertile not. The
peripherical portion is rather thin, but not concentric zonated, nor
is the brim whitish.

The conceptacles of sporangia are irregularly scattered nearly
over the whole frond, or here and there crowded, but on the whole
scarce in the specimens gathered. They are at first visible from
the surface of the frond as minute lighter points, imperceptible to.
the naked eye, about 100O—130 p in diameter, the roof of the con-
ceptacles. ‘The latter by and by gets thinly decorticated at first
in the centre, later the whole roof, intersected with about 10—15
muciferous canals, and at length forming depressed-circular points
of the named size. At maturity the whole roof gets dissolved,
frequentiy at first the central portion, the surrounding. parts con-
tinue their growth and the conceptacles become overgrown. They
are in a median section spherical or nearly spherical, about 100
—140 p in diameter. The sporangia are four-parted, 90—120 ys
long and 25—50 p broad.

Overgrown conceptacles frequently appear to be numerous.
In most of those examined I found all or nearly all the sporangia
not escaped, many of which have been apparently mature when
they together with the conceptacles grew down into the frond.

The cells of the upper thickening-layer are seen on a radial
section to be arranged in straight, well-marked rows, rectangular
or sometimes nearly square, about 10 » long and 7—8 p thick,
with not or scarcely not rounded corners.

—

109

Relation to other species. The plant on the one side reminds.
one of L. compactum and on the other side it rather approaches
I. imerustans f. depressa in habit, and appears to be most nearly
related to this. It, however, distinguishes itself especially with re-
ference to the conceptacles of sporangia, which are smaller and
differ in several particulars. The structure also seems in general
to be coarser. ;

Habitat. In the only locality hitherto known it appeared in
a Shallow rock-pool at low-water mark of neap tide in a fjord,
but a rather exposed place. It bears mature sporangia in the later
half of August, partly also with such ones in development partly
emptied conceptacles.

Occurrence. Only found in the neighbourhood of Bergsfjord
in West-Finmarken, local and very scarce.

Lithothamnion foecundum Kkjellm.
No Ish> Algilp. 131 (9).
Deser. et Fig. Lithothamnion foecundum Kjellm. |. c. et t. 5, fig. 11—i9.

Syn. Lithothamnion polymorphum Kjellm. Kariska hafvets Algv. p. 15.

Remark on the determination of the species. It scarcely ad-
mits of any doubt, that some few specimens gathered in East-
Finmarken belong to this species, although I have not succeeded
to find the sporangia. One of them, however, bears conceptacles
of sporangia, which at least in part are almost fully developed
and exactly coincide with a couple in a fragment of an authentic
Specimen from the Kara Sea. However, it appears as if they are
rather differing in the different states of development, and the
border is often to be seen only in a certain state, but | have not
been able to get any clear idea of their development in the scanty
materials at my disposal. Emptied conceptacles apparently not
seldom get filled by new local formations of tissue, judging from
such ones seen on a radial section together with overgrown con-
ceptacles. The specimens otherwise also agree well with the
description and the named fragment. The peripherical portion of
the crust is feebly concentric zonated, and the whitish brim rather
indistinct.

110

The species seems to have been taken in a rather wide sense
by Kjellman. Some specimens from Greenland, that I have seen,
are considered by him to belong to this species, but at least a
couple are identic with L. Strémfeliz, bearing mature sporangia
as well as newly emptied conceptacles. Cp. Kjellm. lc.

Relation to other species. The plant appears to be most
nearly related to LZ. varians, from which it, however, is separated
by essential characteristics. .

Habitat. In the locality known with us it grew in a rock-
pool between tides, on a much exposed coast, and is collected in
the middle of July.

Occurrence. Found at Berlevaag in East-Finmarken, rare. A
sterile and younger specimen picked up from a depth of about
5—6 fathom at Mehavn in East-Finmarken probably belongs to
the same species.

Geogr. Distribution. The Kara Sea (Kjellman).

Lithothamnion flavescens Kjellm.
N. Ish. Algfl. p. 129 (8).
Descr. et Fig. Lithothamnion flavescens Kjellm. 1. c. t. 6, fig. 1—7. . Cfr. tab.
nostr. 8, fig. 1.

Syn. Lithothamnion flavescens Fosl. Contrib. I, p. 8.

Remark on the species. This species fastens itself to quite
different substrata, as for inst. other crustaceous or branched Li-
thothamnia, stones or shells of Balanidee, and thereby it also as-
sumes much varying forms as to the shape of the crust. Thus
I met with it surrounding the lower branches of LZ. tophiforme
and L. fruticulosum, giving to these plants a coarse and often
peculiar appearance, and in a sterile stage easily to be considered,
without closer examination, as if the host not really was infested
with any epiphyte. Cp. L. fruticulosum f. flecwosa pl. 8, fig. 1
and two of the specimens of L. tophiforme (L. soriferwm) repre-
sented in Contrib. Il, pl. 3, fig. 2. The form I met with on smaller
stones, occasionally together with or in part covered by ZL. colhi- ~
culosum, most probably also belongs to th same species. It is,
like the epiphytic form, closely adherent to the substratum and

111

resembles this, richly provided with reproductive organs, only the
crust being more regular owing to the substratum, often with
smoother surface, and the colour is a somewhat darker pink, some-
times with a purplish tinge. The species probably includes two
or three forms, but the material at my disposal is rather scarce,
and I have not been able to draw any limit between them.

The conceptacles of sporangia I nearly always found to be
flattened hemispherical, occasionally nearly disc-shaped, but strongly
prominent, now and then nearly superficial, about 500—700 p in
diameter, most often rather crowded and sometimes so densely that
the roofs become angular. The testraporic sporangia get up to
300 p in length, how ever, rather varying both in length and breadth.
popes l4o¢:

The conceptacles of cystocarps I met with in the greatest
number on specimens fastened to stones, more seldom and in less
numbers on epiphytic ones, conical or depressed-conical, 5|00—600
# in diameter at the base, now and then, however, even up to
800 ». They are not acute, but at least often rather high and
somewhat constricted towards the summit. This upper portion
falls away earlier than the lower, or a part of the lower, and then
the conceptacles look very low. ;The carpospores are nearly rect-
angular, with more or less rounded corners, or slightly narrower
towards the base, or, apparently more seldom, broadly cuneate,
in general 150--180 p long and 60—80 p broad.

Together with the last named conceptacles there occur some
smaller, in shape nearly resembling the former, but only 250—300 pz
in diameter at the base. These I suppose to be the conceptacles
“of antheridia, but | have not seen certain spermatia.

At maturity the whole roof of the conceptacles of sporangia
often falls away, leaving a cup-shaped scar with more or less ele-
vated edges, which is gradually effaced by local formations of
tissue, and thereby the surface becomes more irregular. This seems
especially to be the case if the conceptacles are nearly superficial,
otherwise they appear to grow down even if the whole roof gets
quite dissolved. However, overgrown conceptacles often are scarce
even in older crusts. On the other hand also the cystocarpic con-

inte

ceptacles occasionally become overgrown thereby, that only a
smaller or greater portion of the roof falls away, and the rest gets

covered by a new thickening layer of the frond or a local new

formation.
Relation to other species. 1 do not know any species of this
section, to which L. flavescens shows any greater affinity. Ho-

wever, it in habit occasionally somewhat approaches L. foecundwm,.

but even sterile specimens appear as a rule to be easily distinguis-
hed. On the other hand the below mentioned L. ocellatum, L.
Stromfeltiz and L. imvestiens may be confounded with it, partly
in a sterile partly even in a fertile state. Cp. under these species.

Habitat. The present plant seems with us to prefer rather

sheltered places and penetrates far up the fjords, frequently occur-
ring in the upper part of the sublitoral region, but it descends also
to the lower limit of this region, fastened to other Lithothamnia,
as L. glaciale, L. tophiforme and L. fruticuloswm, or to stones
and shells of Balanide. It is richly provided with organs of pro-
pagation in July and August, especially sporangia.

Occurrence. Found at Kjelm6, scarce, Kirkenes (Sydvaranger),
scarce, and Lebesby in East-Finmarken, local but pretty plentiful;
at Kistrand, Magero (Kjellman) and Kvalsund in West-Finmarken,
scarce; and within Tromsé Amt at Skorpen, Karlso (Kjellman)
and Tromso, at the latter place apparently not uncommon on other
Lithothamnia.

Geogr. Distribution. The west coast of Novaya Zemlya.
(Kjellman); and the west coast of Spitzbergen (between Amsterdam-
and Norsk6erne).)

/ /

Lithothamnion ocellatum Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde crustacea, arcte adnata; crusta 0.5—1 mm. crassa,

at

purpurea, scabriuscula, limbo obsolete concentrice striato; concepta-

culis sporangiferis sub foveola leviter excavata annulo vix elevato.

circumdata 150-—200 yp lata immersis, diametro 300—350 p; con-

1_ Cp. what is quoted under Z. Strémfeltzi as to L. Lenormandi Gobi

from the White Sea, which probably in part also includes a form of ZL.
flavescens.

ks

ceptaculis cystocarpiferis convexiusculis vel fere hemispheericis, dia-
metro 250—300 yp; sporangiis quaternas sporas foventibus, 120—
135 p» longis, 45—60 p latis. Tab. 19, fig. 10.

Description of the species. The plant forms incrustations on
other and branched Lithothamnia. The crust clings closely and
firmly to its substratum, and is about 0.5—1 mm. thick, frequently -
surrounding nearly all the branches of the host plant. ‘The nature
of the surface is determined by that of the substratum. If this is
smooth, the crust is also smooth and feebly shining especially
‘when young. Older crusts partly are very finely rugged and
squamellate by growing over small extraneous objects, or on ac-
count of the shape of the conceptacles, or scaly thickenings, partly
nearly smooth, with indistinct concentric and radiating striz. The
brim is thin, feebly concentric zonated, and the margin shallowly
crenate with rounded lobes. The colour is a purplish pink very
much like that of LZ. polymorphum, only lighter than is usual in
the latter.

The lower, co-axil system of the frond is feebly developed
and in the fragment examined scarcely perceptible on a section.
In the upper thickening-layer the cells are smaller than those of
the nearly allied L. polymorphum, nearly squarish or rectangular,
7—9 p. long and 5—7 p thick. Overgrown conceptacles are more
or less numerous, occasionally having been filled with local forma-
tions of tissue.

The conceptacles of sporangia in their development and even
as to the appearance closely resemble those in L. polymorphum.
They, however, are frequently larger, the visible part of the roof
itself about 150—200 yp in diameter, including the border 300—
350 yw, and is intersected with 40—50 muciferous canals, which
are smaller than those in the named species. At maturity the roof
gets more frequently fully dissolved than in the latter, seldom also
a part of the border, leaving a distinct hole. The sporangia are
four-parted, 120—135 p long and 45—60 p. broad.

What I think to be the conceptacles of cystocarps appear on
¢he same individual bearing those of sporangia. They also resemble
the probably similar organs in L. polymorphum, in a certain state,

114

or those in the mentioned specimen of the latter from Mandal, but
a little larger, convex or nearly hemispherical, with a single orifice,
about 250—300 ». in diameter. They are apparently not yet fully
developed, nor did I succeed in finding the spores.

Relution to other species. As remarked, the present species
is closely related to L. polymorphwm with regard to the colour
and the shape of the conceptacles of sporangia, and it, perhaps,
is nothing more than an epiphytic form of this species, analogous.
to the same form of JL. flavescens. However, it on the other side
differs especially by its surface being smoother than in any form
of L. polymorphum, not provided with excrescences, frequently
larger conceptacies, the roof of which is intersected with smaller
and more numerous muciferous canals. and so also with reference
to the structure. I, therefore, at least for the present consider it
an independent species. Sterile and somewhat faded specimens
appear more easily to be confounded with J. flavescens than with
any other known species.

Habitat. It has hitherto been met with only on a single
specimen of another Lithothamnion, which seems to belong to Z. —
fruticulosum f{. flexuosa, or perhaps is a form of L. tophiforme,
taken on a depth of 5—6 fathom, on hard bottom in an exposed
locality. It bears mature sporangia in the middle of June. The
formation of carpospores appears to set in later.

Occurrence. Only found at Lyngo in the neighbourhood of
Tromso, rare.

Sectio Il. Evanidee Fosl. mscr.

Conceptaculis sporangiferis superficialibus vel immersis, nunquam —.nnatis.

Lithothamnion congregatum Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde libera in fundo jacente, subglobosa, demum fornicata,.
diametro usque ad 15 cm., roseo-purpurea, irregulariter subdicho-
tome ramosa; ramis brevissimis, confertis, inferne plus minusve
coalitis, teretibus, subcylindricis, circa 1 mm. crassis, fastigiatis,
apicibus obtusis. ‘Tab. 20. i

WS)

Description of the species. The plant accords with L. deh-
scens in its development, and the colour is nearly the same, only
a little darker and apparently less varying. The frond is at first
subspherical or nearly hemispherical, at length assuming a cup-
shaped form like the named species, but frequently even less vaulted,
or occasionally plane or nearly plane. Pl. 20, fig. 1—3. In the
latter stage it is much rubbed in the part that has turned towards
the bottom, with the interwalls between the branch-systems visible
from this side. Pl. 20, fic. 4. Afterwards new formations of
tissue often cover the rubbing parts of these older and partly de-
nudated branch-systems, from which then new branches here and
there are developed (pl. 20, fig. 5), or even covering the whole
lower side of the plant. Pl. 20, fig. 6. Cup-shaped specimens go
up to about 15 cm. in diameter and 1.s—2 cm. in thickness. It
is branched-in an irregular subdichotomous manner, and the bran-
ches are densely crowded, in the lower part more or less anasto-
mosing and below the apex often furnished with small wart-like
or short branch-like processes, occasionally showing a tendency
to form very small bundles. They are frequently rather straight
and fastigiate, terete and nearly cylindrical, with obtuse or slightly
spherically thickened ends, about | mm. thick, partly less partly
a little more.

In a longitudinal section of a branch the inner cells of the
more or less distinct cup-shaped layers of tissue are rectangular,
or often nearly square, about 9-12 yp» long and 6—8 vp thick.

The organs of propagation are unknown. I found some con-
ceptacles of cystocarps in a younger specimen, and these rather
resemble those in L. dehiscens, though frequently larger and more
acute and apparently not yet fully developed, but I do not know
whether this specimen really belongs to the present species. Nor
did I find overgrown conceptacles of sporangia in the specimens
examined and I, therefore, refer it to the section Hvanide; howe-
ver, on the other hand it appears rather probably, that these organs
in fact grow down into the frond, but the not unlikely are seldom
developed in older individuals, or not occurring in the same indi-

116

viduals bearing conceptacles of cystocarps and, therefore, seldom
to be found on a Section.

ftelation to other species. On the one side it closely approa-
ches certain forms of L. dehiscens and the limits are very difficult
to draw, although typically developed specimens of both are easily
recognized. It scarcely can be considered only a form of that
species. On the other side younger or not opened and cup-shaped
Specimens often are nearly impossible to distinguish from certain
forms of the following species, L. nodulosum, from which, howe-
ver, it is quite different in an older stage.

Halitat. he species grows gregarious on rather hard bottom
in 5—10 fathoms water in protected places. Specimens collected
in the later half of July were sterile. :

Occurrence. Only known from Sorfjorden in the Skjérn Fjord
(a branch of the Trondhjem Fjord), local but abundant.

Lithothamnion nodulosum Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde libera in fundo jacente, subglobosa, diametro usque
-ad 10cm., roseo-purpurea, decomposito-subdichotome ramosissima ;
ramis e centro solido, exiguo, undique egredientibus, subbrevibus,
inferne seepe plus minusve coalitis, teretibus, subcylindricis, circa
1.5 mm. crassis, extremis plerumque ramulos breves vel verrucee-
formes fasciculatos emittentibus; conceptaculis sporangiferis con-
vexiusculis, parum prominentibus, a superficie visis diametro 300—
350 yw, conceptaculis cystocarpiferis depresso-conicis, apiculatis, dia-
metro 500—600 »; sporangiis quaternas sporas foventibus, 130—
180 » longis, 50—80 p latis. Tab. 21, fis. 1—6.

Description of the species. This plant always develops freely
on the bottom, forming subspherical masses, that attain a diameter
of up to 10 cm., frequently, however, less, or about 7 cm. PI.
21, fig. 1—6. The solid central mass is insignificant, and in older
Specimens a smaller or larger part of the central portion is fre-
quently destroyed by boring-muscles or other animals. The frond
is repeatedly but rather irregularly subdichotomously branched.
The branches are frequently more or less curved, with short axes,
in the upper portions occasionally rather straight, terete and nearly

117

cylindrical, or slightly tapering, about 1.5 mm. thick, seldom a little
more, with rounded or slightly spherically thickened ends, which
in old specimens often are somewhat denudated. PI. 21, fig. 4.
Especially the branches of the last order frequently bear numerous
wart-like processes or short branchlets, which often are very den-
sely crowded at the apex, forming smaller and denser or larger
and more remoted bundles. These bundles are rather irregular,
often subglobose, occasionally obpyramidal and nearly truncate.
Pl. 21, fig. 2. The branch-systems are often more or less ana-
stomosing, particularly if much attacked by animals.

In structure it very nearly agrees with the preceding species,
frequently with rather more distinct cup-shaped layers of tissue,
and the cells are of the same size as in the latter.

The conceptacles of sporangia I have seen only in two spe-
cimens (pl. 21, fig. 3 and 6) and in small numbers, most of which
apparently not fully developed and others emptied. They are rather
crowded in the upper part of the branches, convex but very little
prominent, seen from the surface 300—350 » in diameter. The
muciferous canals appear not to be very numerous. ‘The sporangia
are tetrasporic, 130—180 » long and 50—80 p thick. — _

The cystocarpic conceptacles occur in other individuals than
the first named organs. 1, however, have seen but very few in
a solitary specimen (pl. 21, fig. 5), and in another, but rather un-
certain one, that apparently is anastomosed with L. congregatum.
They are conical but rather low, abruptly ending in a short and
thin tip; but apparently now and then somewhat approaching those
of the named species in shape, about 500—600 p- in diameter at
the base. I have not seen the carpospores.

Nor did I in this species meet with overgrown conceptacles
f sporangia, but I am not sure whether they in fact do not grow
down into the frond, as the conceptacles of cystocarps are super-
ficial and both organs do not appear in one and the same individual.
Scars after emptied conceptacles of sporangia I found effaced by
local formations of tissue, but on the other hand I have not seen
such on a section overlapped by a new thickening layer of the

frond.
9 *

118

Relation to other species. As remarked under L. congregatum
these species are often very difficult to distinguish in a not full-
grown stage, and even older specimens of the present species may
be confounded with not fullgrown ones of the former. On the
other hand it in some respects shows rather close affinity to other
species, as L. gracilescens, L. apiculatwm and even L. fruticulo-
sum, and sterile specimens are easily confounded with the one or
other, though rather seldom with L. fruteculoswm. Tt requires.
closer examination of a number of fertile specimens, and it pro-
bably includes more forms, but must on the other hand be con-
Sidered an independent species.

Habitat. The plant lives on a depth of 3—10 fathom, and
it prefers rather hard bottom; though also occurring on looser and
somewhat clayish bottom, partly in protected partly in somewhat
exposed localities, but not On the open coast. It sometimes forms.
isolated banks sometimes grows in company with other species.
The species is very scantily provided with organs of propagation.
in the later half of July.

Occurrence. Found in Sdrfjorden in Skjérn, rather local but
abundant, partly together with LZ. congregatum; Brekstad (Orlandet),
local but abundant; at Bejan, local and rather scarce together with
other species; and at Frdjen together with £. tophiforme, rare.

Lithothamnion byssoides (Lam.) Phil.

in Wiegm. Arch. p. 388; Millepora byssoides Lam. Hist. Anim, Bs JO), a) 2,
Descr. et Ig. Lithothamnion byssoides Hauck, Meeresalg. p. 275, t. Il, fig. 1-
Fig. Spongites Sh Iditz. Tab. Phyc. 19, t. 99.

Syn. Lithoth. byssoides Aresch. in J. Ag. Spec. Alg. 2, p. 522; excl. syn. plur..
g J P yn. P

Remark on the determination of the species. With some
doubt I refer a couple of fragmentary specimens to this species,
agreeing well with the description and the cited figures, only larger,.
or of subspherical specimens that have been about 10 cm. in dia-
meter. They are, however, sterile, and | have not seen any au-
thentic specimen of L. byssoides, nor do I know whether the con-
ceptacles of sporangia become overgrown in the latter. I have
not found such in the named fragments...

119

The only other form that I know, to which these show greater
affinity and might perhaps be referrible is that mentioned under
and for the present referred to L. dehiscens, but the fragments
are of old specimens differing in development neva Ware eyaiere, Iinveyy
also differ from the named form especially by a little thinner, more
regularly divided branches and longer axes. I am, therefore, most
inclined to consider them identic with L. byssoides and not unlikely
representing a northern and larger form of the species than the
typical. I provisionally name it f. major. |

Habitat. Unknown to me. Specimens taken in the later half
of July were sterile.

Occurrence. Only found on the most southern part of the
coast, at Mandal (Wille).

Geogr. Distribution. The Mediterranean Sea (Lamarck,
Philippi); the Adriatic Sea (Hauck).

Lithothamnion tophiforme Unger
Leithakalk p. 21. Lithothamnion soriferum Kjellm. N. Ish. Algfl. p. 117 (88)

f. globosa Fosl.

Lithothamnion soriferum f. globosa Fosl. Contrib. II, p. 6.

f. globosa vel subglobosa, ramis Strictis, fastigiatis.
gin. es t3) fie 213%

f. typica Fosl. mscr.

-Lithothamnion soriferum f. divaricata Fosl. 1. c.; ex parte.

¢

f. subglobosa, ramis plus minusve patentibus, plerumque cur-
vatis vel interdum hamatis. Tab. nostr. 21, fig. 7, 10.

f. squarrosa Fosl. mscr.

Lithothamnion soriferum f. divaricata Fosl. 1. c.; ex parte.

f. ramis Squarrosis, plus minusve flexuosis vel hamatis, extre-
mis plerumque elongatis. Tab. nostr. 21, fig. 8—9.

f. alcicormis (Kjellm.) Fosl.
I. c.; Lithothamnion alcicorne Kjellm. 1. c. p. 121 (1).
Deser. et Fig. Lithothamnion alcicorne Kjellm. 1. c. et t. 5, fig. 1—8.
Fig. f soriferum f. alcicornis Fosl. l. c. t. 3, fig. 4.
Syn. Corallium pumilum Ellis, Corall. p. 83, p. 27, fig. C, No. 1?
Millepora polymorpha Mohr, Isl. Naturhist. p. 141, 148; ex parte; t.

(oy) 101%, lo
’

120

Syn. Millepora polymorpha Ell. et Sol. Zooph. p. 130?
e s var. globosa Esper, Pflanzenth. I, p. 214,t. 13
. calcarea Lam. Hist. Anim. 2, p. 312?
Nullipora calcarea Johnst. Brit. Spong. and Lithoph. p. 240; ex parte
pl. 24, fig. 4? .
Spongites polymorpha Kutz. Spec. Alg. p. 699?
Melobesia calcarea Harv. Phyc. Brit. pl. 291; Man. p. 108? Nec
Millepora calearea Ell. et Sol. p. 129, t. 23, fig. 13.
Bs compressa M’Calla, sec. Harv. Man. p. 108?
Lithothamnion calcareum Aresch. in J. Ag. Spec, Alg. 2, p. 523?
is fasciculatum Solms Laub. Corall. p. 20; saltem ex parte.

. e Kleen, Nordl. Alg. p. 11.

is = Aresch. Obs. Phyc. 3, p. 5; ex parte.

s 5 Gobi, Algenfl. Weiss. Meer. p. 22; ex parte.
5 soriferum Fosl. Contrib. I, p. 6; Il, p. 6._

. 5 Stromf. Algveg. Isl. p. 18.

5 5 Rosenv. Grenl. Havalg. p. 772; ex parte.

Remark on the determination of the species. It scarcely ad-
mits of any doubt at all, that the plant recorded by Unger
under the above name and delineated 1. c. t. 5, fig. 14 is the
same that Kjellman |. c. calls ZL. soriferwm, and formerly ap-
pears to have been recorded under different names. It is described
from a specimen from Greenland, and the quoted figure accords
well with certain forms of the above f. squarrosa. I, there-
fore, adopt this name as the oldest one. Unger remarks 1. c.:
»Es scheint mir der Mullepora polymorpha var. tophiformis Esper
zu sein“. However, the latter in my opinion is not any Litho- ;
thamnion, but probably a coral, and Esper himself appears to
have been doubtful whether it really was referrible to his M. po-
lymorpha. Cp. Esper, Pflanzenth, 1, p.221,)1.515)

Lemark on the form of the species. The above forms are
not well defined, not even f. alcicormis, as transitions are often
to be found, but they on the other hand deserve to be specially
mentioned.

The form that I recorded |. c. under the name of f. dwar-
cata I now consider to include both the typical form of the spe--
cies aS well as one of its most extreme forms, f. sgwarrosda, al-
though they pass rather gradually into one another, but that is

121

in fact also the case with the other forms. PI. 17, fig. 7 and 10
represents what I apprehend as the typical form, characterized by
its subspherical or rather irregular frond, with the branches being
partly rather erect partly and more frequently somewhat spreading
and seldom straight, but most often rather bent or even curved,
on the one side passing into f. globosa and on the other side into
f. squarrosa and f. alcicorms. The branches are up to 3 mm.
thick, frequently about 2—2.5 mm., and the are never so regularly
fastigiate as in typical specimens of f. globosa, often bearing more
or less numerous wart-like processes or short branchlets. It gets
up to about 12 cm. in diameter, frequently, however, less.

The form globosa is generally smaller than the preceding,
spherical or nearly spherical, and the branches are erect, straight
and fastigiate, more densely branched and the branches more
seldom bearing wartlike processes. The apices occasionally are
truncate or nearly truncate. Cp. Contrib. II, pl. 3, fig. 3.

The form squwarrosa is very irregular in shape, in all much
varying and little independent, although in its typical development
rather differing from f. typieaw and easily recognized. The branches
are much spreading, frequently rather flexuous and curved, !es
branched than the other forms, and the ultimate most often hae
elongated. Pl. 21, fig. 8—9. The surface of this form is nearly
always quite smooth, which, however, frequently also is due to the
other forms, though these are less seldom here and there furnished
with scaly thickenings, very seldom nearly over the whole frond.

As remarked |. c. LZ. alcicorne cannot be concidered more
than a form of the present species. It is very characteristic in
its most extreme form, but far from being independent, and it
especially is nearly related to f. typica. Two specimens repre-
sented 1. c. pl. 3, fig. 4 plainiy show transitions to this form.
Specimens of the last named form, or forms standing between
this and f. globosa, often bear hear and there compressed branch-
systems, and those separated much resemble small Specimens of
f. aleicornis.

The conceptacles of sporangia are quoted by Kjeliman I.
c. to be ,small, scarcely perceptible to the naked eye“, and the

122

sporangia ,generally, after the tormation of spores has begun,
about 95 » long and 20 p thick“. As I possess some specimens
determined by Kjellman himself there can be no doubt as to
the identity, but I found the conceptacles to be larger than in
most other of the northern Lithothamnia, or of about the same
size as those mentioned by him under L. alcscorne, 400—500 p
in diameter seen from the surface, though rather varying and
partly even a little more. However, 1 also met with smaller, but
they appeared not to be fully developed, and they are then easily-
confounded with those of L. flabellatum, but they may perhaps
be more varying than 1 have seen. They are frequently very
densely crowded, and then the roofs being angular, occasionally
almost fully confluent, sometimes over the greater part of a branch,
and not only to be found in the upper branches, but nearly eve-
rywhere and even in the central portions of not too densely bran-
ched specimens both of f. typica and f. globosa. The roof is in-
tersected with’ 70—8O muciferous canals, and the four-parted spo-
rangia are up to about 200 p» long and 80 p broad

The cystocarpic conceptacles sometimes appear in the same
individual bearing those of sporangia sometimes and most fre-
quently in other individuals, scattered and in great numbers nearly
everywhere, though especially in the upper part of the branches,
occassionally in pairs, fully anastomosed, with two orifices nearly
approaching to one another. They are commonly about 600 »
in diameter at the base, conical, rather high, towards the apex
more or less constricted and traversed by a rather coarse canal.
The carpospores are much varying in shape, frequently, however,
elliptical or broadly cuneate, 70—100 » long and 40—S0 p broad
in the broadest part.

Some few other conceptacles that I found in the same indi-
viduals bearing the latter are smaller, about 300 » in diameter at
the base, and probably those of antheridia. I, however, have not
seen the spermatia.

Remark on the synonomy. The plant recorded by Ellis 1.
c. from Falmouth and the Isle of Man as ,,Coralliwm pumilum
album, fere lapideum, ramosum is by different older authors

123

referred to rather different species, mostly, however, to L. poly-
morphum (L.). Crouan refers it to L. coralloides and Lamarck
to his Milleporw informis, the latter referred by Crouan to his
LL. polymorphum. The figure that Ellis gives of this plant some-
what reminds one of certain forms of the present species, but it
looks coarser and more clumsy. It om the other hand rather
approaches in habit a Lithothamnion that I got from Mr. Bat-
ters, gathered at Cum brae, which will be described in a se-
parate paper under the name of L. Battersi, but the latter is a
much smaller plant, the longest diameter only 1.3—2 cm., if,
however, Ellis figure has not been magnified.

The figure that Mohr 1. c. gives of one of the forms of his
Millepora polymorpha from Iceland is evidently f. sguarrosa of
the present species.

It seems as if Mill. polymorpha var. globosa Esper might
be referrible to this species. Ricyol ce reminds one much yom
L. tophiforme {. globosa, and fig. 2 represents the upper part of
a branch-system apparently with conceptacles of sporangia and
cystocarps, supposed by Esper to be ,die ersten Anlagen, oder
Schichten neuer Aeste“, and also in this respect the plant rather
resembles L. tophiforme. However, it looks coarser and larger
than the last named f. globosa frequently appears to be, and is
fastened to another object. Lamarck, Philippi and Areschoug
refer-this plant to LZ. byssoides, but the figure and description
make it little explicable that it can be any form of that species.

One of the specimens figured by Johnston |. c. (fig. 4) as
Nullipora calcarea most probably belongs to the species in ques-
tion, and appears to be nearly related to or identic with f. squar-
rosa. he other is mentioned under Z. corailoides.

It cannot with certainty be made out what Melobesra calcarea
Harv. really is. The figures in Phyc. Brit. l. c. on the one side
much resemble certain forms of the present species, but on the
other side fig. 1 differs by its coarse main-axes. However, as
mentioned under L. flavescens the present plant is often infested
in the lower parts with other Lithothamnia, and then it sometimes
looks very coarse, especially if the branches also are somewhat

124

anastomosed before being infested with the epiphyte. Mr: Batters
kindly sent me a specimen gathered many years ago at Round-
stone, and given to him by Dr. Paniter as Melob. calearea of
Harvey. He remarks: ,I have little doubt that it is correctly
named“. This specimen is sterile and much bleached, and it is
small and far slender than the cited figure by Harvey, but much
resembling L. tophiforme in habit, standing between f. typica and
f. squarrosa. It is, however, also more slender than the latter
frequently use to be, and, therefore, it perhaps belongs to L. fla-
bellatum §. Granv. 1 am of opinion, that Melob. calearea Harv.
in the main includes the present species, but not unlikely also
other species. Cp. Harv. and Johnst. 1. c.

The form of IMelob. calcarea mentioned by Harvey in Manual
p- 108 under the name of J. compressa M’Calla, not unlikely,
is identic with f. aleccornis or perhaps LL. flabellatum f. Rosen-
vingi. ,\t differs from MW. calcarea in having a compressed frond,
with flat branches broader towards the tip.“ Harv. 1. c.

I on the contrary do not think Adddllepora calcarea Ell. et Sol.
1. c. identic with the species in question, referred to by Lamarck,
Johnston and Harvey 1. c., but more likely I. polymorpha
Bll et Sol, l..¢ The former not even seems toy be samy meine.
thamnion, but most probably a true coral. Cp. l.c. 23) elas
It is described and figured from a specimen from the Mediterranean
Sea, and at any rate it cannot be the same species that Harvey
and Johnston record under the same name.

One of the specimens of LZ. fasciculatum Aresch., that I-
have seen probably belongs to this species, and is most nearly
related to f. typica. It is, however, sterile.

Also L. fasciculatwm Gobi partly includes this species. After
a part of the present paper was printed I got, through the kind-
ness of Prof. Chr. Gobi and Mr. C. Deckenbach, a specimen
from the White Sea for examination, determined as L. fasciculatum.
and probably being one of those quoted by Gobi l. c. This spe-
cimen belongs to L. tophiforme f. typica, provided with ceacep-—
tacles of sporangia, most of which, however, emptied. As Gobi
mentions specimens which fully accord with JL. glaciale (L. fasct-

V2

culatum Kjellm. Spetsb. Thall. 1, p. 3) from Spitzbergen: that
he has seen from Kjellman’s collection also the last named spe-
cies is probably included in his L. fasciculatwm, but not only this,
as quoted above under L. glaciale p. 13 (41).

With regard to LZ. soriferwm Rosenv. I refer to what is
remarked under L. flabellutwm.

Relation to other species. The present species appears to be ©
more sharply defined than several other Lithothamnia. As the
conceptacles never grow down into the frond and the thickening
meristema apparently lies below the basal surface of the concep-
tacles, it really is most nearly allied to L. nodulosum, so far as
the latter hitherto is known, but it cannot be confounded with any
form of that species. However, on the other hand it in a sterile
stage may be confounded with more species of the section Innate,
in which overgrown conceptacles are not always to be found.
Thus as mentioned under L. fruticulosum f. flexwosa the typical
form sometimes is very difficult to separate from that, and f. glo-
bosa occasionally rather approaches L. dumorphwm in habit. Besides,
sterile and slender specimens are easily confounded with LZ. flabel-
latum f. Grani, and even such ones with younger conceptacles
of sporangia, although these species are quite different in their
typical development. |

Habitat. This species in general lives on sandy and shingly
bottom, frequently forming banks, and it appears to prefer some-
what sheltered places, here often growing on a depth of only 4—8
fathom, but in more exposed localities descending farther down,
to a depth of 10—15 or even 20 fathom, and it on the whole
descends farther down than other Lithothamnia, perhaps with ex-
ception of LZ. glaciale and L. boreale. It nearly always develops
freely on the bottom. I never met with certain specimens fastened
to any other object, but according to Kjellman 1. c. some spe-
cimens of f. alcicormis plainly show that they have been at first
attached to some harder object. However, at Kvalsund I found.
a younger specimen fastened to ZL. glaciale which most probably
belongs to f. sguarrosad. The plant bears sporangia in July, Au-

126

gust and September, carpospores (and spermatia?) in August and
September.

Occurrence. The species appears to be dispersed along the
whole coast of Finmarken and in several places abundant, as
Lebesby in East-Finmarken, Mager6é (iKjellman), Repvaag and
Kistrand in West-Finmarken. Cp. Kjellm. and Fosl. 1. c. Within
Troms6 Amt for inst. at Skorpen, Karlsé. (Kjellman) and Troms6,
plentiful. In Nordlands Amt it is common and abundant according
to Kleen 1. c. Within Nordre Trondhjems Amt I met with it at
Frojen and Froderne, at the latter place local but plentiful. It
has probably also been found at Christiansund, N. (Ekman).

Geogr. Distribution. The White Sea (Gobi); Iceland (Strém-
felt); Greenland (Rosenvinge); Britain (Johnston, Harvey)?

Lithothamnion uncinatum Fos. mscr

L. fronde initio affixa(?), demum libera in fundo jacente, pul-
‘chre rosea, circa 5 cm. alta, irregulariter ramosa; ramis e€ aXi pri-
mario brevissimo egredientibus, plus minusve patentibus, inferne
usque ad 3mm. crassis, valde attenuatis, ramuios plerumque flexuo-
sos vel: hamatos, |—1.5 mm. crassos undique emittentibus. Tab.
dO Fepineei sila Ae

Syn. Millepora polymorpha var. divaricata Esper, Pflanzenth. vol. I, p. 218,

£114 fie 2

Description of the species. This species is rather puzzling.
I have seen but a solitary, somewhat fragmentary and sterile spe-
cimen. It most probably has been attached at first to some hard
object and afterwards detached itself. ~The frond has the appea-
rance of a low bush, about 5 cm. high, with a very short main-
stem, and from this issue irregularly divided branches, which in
the lower part attain a thickness -of up to about 3 mm., much
attenuating upwards and the ultimate ones only 1—1.5 mm. thick.
They are more or less patent and bent, or flexuous, or im the
upper parts of the frond curved, terete or nearly terete, and put
forth nearly everywhere rather numerous branchlets, which are ~
frequently thinner than their main-axes, not seldom only one half
or even one third, either simple or irregularly divided, spreading, —

LA

flexuous or curved, 1—1.5 mm. thick, or occasionally less. Cp,
pl. 19, fig. 11—14, of which fig. 12—14 are fragments of the
specimen fig. 11. In the lowest part of the plant the branches
are somewhat anastomosed, and this anastomose also here and
there takes place farther up, and occasionally the tip of a branch
bends itself towards another branch and anastomoses with this.
The surface is smooth; magnifying shows, however, in the lower
part of the plant numerous short strie.

In a longitudinal section of a branch the cup-shaped layers
of tissue are pretty regular and distinct, with the inner cells nearly
square or rectangular, about 9—12 p» long and 6—8 vw thick.

Remark on the synonomy. The plant somewhat reminds one
in habit of that described by Esper under the above quoted name,
which is said also to occur ,in den norwegischen Meeren“. How-
ever, the latter is much larger than the present species, and it
appears to differ in several particulars, not unlikely even being
a coral.

Felation to other species. On the one side it approaches LZ.
coralioides in habit, but is larger and differs especially by its
branches being coarser in the lower part and much attenuating
upwards. On the other it appears to be rather more nearly allied
to L. flabellatum {. Granw, but distinguishes itself by its curved,
irregular and attenuating branches. I have not found overgrown
conceptacles of sporangia, and it probably is separated from both
the named species and, not unlikely, in fact most closely connected
with L. tophiforme, from which, however, it also appears to be
specifically distinguished.

Habitat. Unknown to me; is found washed ashore.

Occurrence. <A solitary specimen gathered at Krageré on the
south coust.

Lithothamnion Sonderi Hauck.
Meeresalg. p. 273.
Descr. et Fig. Lithothamnion Sonderi Hauck 1. c. et t. 3. fig. 5.
femark on the species and addition to the description. Of —
this species Mad. A. Weber van Bosse also kindly sent me an

128

authentic specimen from Hauck’s herbarium for examination. Be-
sides, in a collection of Lithothamnia from Helgoland, that Dr.
Kuckuck had the kindness to send me, I found several fertile:
specimens of the plant. I have seen but a Solitary Norwegian
specimen which is not quite typical and ought, perhaps, to be
considered a denominated form of the species. Two small Bri-
tish specimens, gathered at Cumbrae by Mr. Batters, fully ac-
cord with Helgolandian ones, the one being sterile but the other
provided with some few conceptacles of sporangia.

There is some difference between younger but sporangia-
bearing and older individuals. The former rather approach L.
Stromfeltu and L. Lenormandi in habit, and sometimes closely
resemble the figure of the last named species by Hauck 1. c. t.
3, fig. 4, partly with nearly smooth surface partly with scaly
thickenings or minute excresences. Some younger specimens from
Helgoland that I got under the name of L. Lenormandi belong
to the present species. Old specimens resemble the quoted figure
(5) by Hauck |. c. and are easily recognized and even in a Ste-
rile stage rather characteristic.

The conceptacles of sporangia are scattered over the whole
frond in great numbers, and often two or three quite confluent.
They are circular or nearly circular in circumference, very little pro-
minent and nearly always flattened, often disc-shaped or nearly
disc-shaped, frequently 350—400 p in diameter seen from the sur-
face. Towards maturity the central portion becomes more or
less depressed, by and by falling away, and at length the whole
roof gets dissolved, leaving a rather shallow scar, sometimes,
however, with the exception of a small peripherical portion. The:
scars get effaced partly by a new thickening layer of the frond
partly by new local formations, which contribute to the uneven-
ness of the surface. The roof is intersected with 80—100 muci-
ferous canals. The sporangia are four-parted, 100—140 p long
and 35—60 p broad.

The conceptacles of cystocarps sometimes occur in the same
individual bearing those of sporangia sometimes and most fre-
quently in other individuals, and are scattered in great num-

at

129

bers like the latter. ‘They are conical, rather low, generally 400
—450 p. in diameter at the base, with a single orifice. The car-
pospores are nearly elliptical, elongated-obovate or broadly cune-
ate, 50—80 yp long and 35—40 p broad in the broadest part.

Conceptacles of antheridia appear in the same individual as the
jast named organ, resembling this in shape but only 250—300 p-
in diameter at the base. Some few spermatia that I have seen
were roundish or rounded angular, compressed, and about 40 p
in diameter.

Relation to other species. It is rather independent and can-
not in an older and fertile state be confounded with any other
known species. However, as remarked above, it shows greater
affinity to L. Lenormand: and L. Strimfeltiw, and younger speciz
mens are not always easily distinguished from the latter. Older
specimens somewhat remind one of L. polymorphum except with
regard to the colour, which is a darker or lighter pink, sometimes
with a lilaceous tinge.

Habitat. It appears to grow in the upper part of the sub-
litoral region, fastened to smaller stones. At Helgoland it appa-
rently develops reproductive organs all the year, at least in Janu-
ary, March, June and October, on the Norwegian and British coast
in the former half of August.

Occurrence. Only found at Mandal (Wille), a solitary spe-
cimen.

Geogr. Distribution. Helgoland (Sonder, Kuckuck); Bri-
tain (Batters).

Lithothamnion investiens Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde crustacea, substrato plus minusve adnata, parte
Marginali plerumque soluta, undulato-lobata, zonata vel parte in-
feriore subconcentrice jugosa; crusta 0.6—1.5 mm. crassa, subnitida,
demum superimposita, scabriuscula, striis brevibus instructa; ” con-
ceptaculis cystocarpiferis(??) depresso-conicis, diametro circa 300 p.
Wab. 22, fig. 2—5.

Syn. Lithophyllum zonatum Fosl. Contrib. I, p. 10.

Description of the species. In the quoted paper I recorded a

130

solitary and fragmentous specimen of an alga, which I supposed
to be referrible to Liuthophyllum and considered nearly connected
with L. arcticum (Kjellm.)}), a species showing close affinity to
L. lichenoides. It in fact belongs to Hulithothamnion. Young
specimens certainly rather remind one of younger specimens of
that species, but older, which I have later collected, are quite dif
ferent and really most closely related to certain forms of LZ. fla-
vescens. However, with reference to structure it sometimes nearly
approaches the subgenus Lithophyllum.

The plant forms incrustations on other Lithothamnia, partly
dead specimens, as L. glaciale, L. fruticulosum and L. tophiforme.
Young individuals are nearly orbicular (pl. 22, fig. 2), older ones.
of irregular shape and rather extended. The frond~clings more
or less closely to the substratum; more closely to little or coarse-
branched hosts as certain forms of LZ. glaciale, but is frequently
only here and there adherent, more free in a host with much
spreading branches as L. tophiforme f. squarrosa, or stretched
over the branches of densely branched specimens of LZ. fruticulo-
sum (pl. 22, fig. 5), however, it also closely clings over and be-
tween the upper branches, though frequently even then but here
and there attached. The peripherical portion or sometimes even
a larger part of the crust partly and most frequently is quite free,
undulate-lobate, bent a little upwards or irregularly bent, partly,
however, attached to the substratum, though not closely. The
upper side of this portion is most often rather feebly concentric
zonated or in thin crusts provided with subconcentric furrows,
which also occur in the lower part, but here narrower and more
sharply defined, or in the latter part it even forms small ridges.
Pl. 22, fig. 3—4. Sometimes the upwards turned part of a free
peripherical portion is in thicker crusts nearly smooth or not zona-
ted, but the lower part either concentric zonated or provided with
small ridges. Now and then the crust puts forth a peripherical,
free, disc-like or somewhat convex-concave and nearly reniform.
lobe. It is frequently feebly shining, older specimens with a more
or less uneven surface, finely rugged and squamellate, or often.

1) Kariska hafvets Alevee. p. 16.

131

apparently provided with wart-like or short branch-like processes.
This unevenness is, however, at least partly caused by the sub-
stratum, and the excrescences are either also caused by the sub-
stratum, by growing over short branches or covering up small
extraneous objects, or, if not, they are concave in the lower part,
or the short branch-like processes occasionally formed are partly
hollow. Besides, the crust is furnished with very fine striz partly
radiating partly concentric not visible to the naked eye, which are
to be found in young as well as old individuals, in the latter, ho-
wever, more indistinct and partly wanting. New crusts are formed
upon the primary, I have seen up to three, partly rather clinging
to the subjacent, but seldom closely, partly more or less free and-
but here and there adherent.

The crust has a faint rosy colour, which by older individuals
frequently passes into faint brownish-yellow. Fractures of the crust
are rose-coloured or whitish with a rose-coloured tinge outwards.

With regard to structure the species appears to be rather
varying and in general agreeing with that of Hulsthothammon,
sometimes, however, nearly approaching Lithophyllum. Thus the
basal, co-axil layer may in a thin crust be as thick or thicker than
the upper thickening layer, frequently, however, much thinner espe-
cially in thicker crusts, and is composed of rounded or somewhat
elongated cells about 8—12 p thick. The cells of the upper layer
are Square or rectangular with more or less rounded corners, about
6 p thick and up to 11/, times longer than thick. The surface -
cells are rounded or rounded-angular, 4—8 yp in diameter.

I have seen: but a couple of not well developed conceptacles,
Which apparently are those of cystocarps. They are conical, low,
with a single orifice and about 300 p in diameter at the base. I,
however, have not seen the spores.

Felution to other species. As mentioned above the present
Species is nearly related to L. flavescens, apparently often being
easily confounded with this, but the conceptacles do not grow
down into the frond, and it also differs in other particulars. On
the other side it seems to show closer affinity to LZ. expansum
Or occasionally even to coarser forms of L. lachenoides. Cp. Hauck,.

Key)

Meeresalg. t. Ill, fig. 7. However, it may even be confounded
with new local crusts in £. varians and other Lithothamnia much
attacked by animals, which are formed so as to cover the animals
or other objects and partly being free. It, on the other hand,
most probably is a well characterized species, but it wants closer
examination of larger fertile materials.

Haliiat. The plant occurs in the upper part of the sublitoral
region, descending to a depth of about 10 fathom, and appears to
prefer somewhat exposed localities. A specimen taken in the middle
of June, fastened to L. tophiforme f. squarrosa, was provided with
a couple of not well developed conceptacles probably being those
of cystocarps.

Occurrence. Found at Kjelmé in East-Finmarken, rare, and
at Lyngo a little north off Tromso, rare.

Lithothamnion circumscriptum Strémf.
Algveg. Isl. p. 20.

Descr. Lithothamnion circumscriptum Stromf. 1. c.

Fig. 2 ss a , t. 1, fig. 4—8; Fosl. Contrib. II,
tO Ome
Syn. Lithothamnion circumscriptum Fosl. Contrib. I, p. 9, I, p. 10.

» » @. areolatum Rosenv. Grénl. Havalg. p. 774.

Remark on the species and addition to the description. This
Species is one of the most characteristic of the arctic —crusStaceous
Lithothamnia. It is most often easily recognized even in a sterile
stage. The frond attains a thickness of about 1 mm., frequently
however, about 0.6—0.8 mm. The limits between adjacent crusts
stumbling each other are always to be seen at least before the
plant bears sporangia a second time. Sometimes new crusts here
and there are formed upon primary crusts stumbling each other,
and, together with new formations effacing the scars after the
first developed sporangia, more or less efface the limits between
the primary crusts especially in richly sporangia-bearing specimens.

The conceptacles of sporangia are very densely crowded and
occupy a Sharply defined zone in the central portions of the frond,
developed from the centre towards the periphery, but a broader

133

or narrower part of the peripherical portion is always sterile, and
the first developed conceptacles in the centre frequently are emp-
tied before the others are developed. Bearing sporangia for the
second time or more, this development is less regular, or the
named organs are developed from the centre of smaller and new-
formed crusts upon the older.

The conceptacles are shown from the surface of the frond at
first as faintly light circular and not depressed points about 200
—300 » in diameter. Later the central portion of these points
gets decorticated, by and by forming a globular and very shallow
deepening about 100—150 p in diameter, a part of the roof of
the conceptacles, and this part is intersected with about 20—30
rather coarse muciferous canals, or the roof is not to be distin-
guished: from the other parts of the surface of the frond before
the named central portion gets decorticated. At maturity this
central portion at first gets dissolved, and at the same time the
surrounding parts of the roof become lighter and by and by dis-
appear, leaving, owing-to the densely crowded conceptacles, fre-
quently stx-angular holes, the emptied conceptacles, looking as a
mesh-work, with thin walls. By and by a smaller Or greater
part of the dissepiments also gets dissolved. The scars are effa-_
ced by a new thickening layer of the frond, and when replenished
it often looks, as if the surface was areolate, but the effacing
also takes place by new local formations of tissue stretched over
more scars, and then the surface becomes rather irregular.t) The
bisporic sporangia are rather varying, 200—300 p long and 70—
‘100 » broad.

relation to other species. It in some respects shows greater
affinity to L. compactum and may in a sterile state Occasionally
be confounded with that. However, it differs both in regard to
the conceptacles of sporangia as well as the structure and other
characters. Cp. under the latter. It is more easily confounded
with a couple of the below described species.

Haliiat. The plant lives both in the litoral and sublitoral

1) Rosenvinge mentions 1. c. such areolating to be recognized by densely

crowded conceptacles also before they are opened.
10*

134

region. In the former I mostly met with it fastened to Mytilus
shells or occasionally stones in deeper rock-pools, but apparently
not to the rock itself. In the latter region it also most frequently
fastens itself to smaller or larger stones, more seldom to rocks,
| and, so far as I have seen, nearly always to be found only on
stony bottom. It prefers exposed places, and here it grows in
rock-pools or on a depth of 1—2 fathom, but in more sheltered
localities it always appears to descend farther down, to a depth
of about 10 fathom, seldom more, and to be found in by far
smaller numbers than in the former. However, it does not pene-
trate far up the fjords.. The development of sporangia probably
takes place nearly all the year. Thus I have collected specimens
from the middle of May to the middle of September with partly
emptied conceptacies or scars after older ones nearly effaced by -
new-formed tissue partly with ripe sporangia or such being in
development.

Occurrence. It appears to be commonly dispersed along the
whole coast of Finmarken and is found: eastward to Kjelme in
Sydvaranger, at several places abundant, for inst. Mehavn and
Kjollefjord in East-Finmarken, Helnes, Kjelvik, Skarsvaag and
Loppen in West-Finmarken. It has not with certainty been found
farther to the south than Skorpen (Kvenangen) in Tromso Amt.

Geogr. Distribution. Iceland (Strémfelt), Gronland (Ro-
sen vinge).

Lithothamnion coalescens Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde crustacea, subarcte adnata, superficie plus minusve
inzequali, striis brevibus, densis, radiatim et concentrice dispositis,.
11.5 mm. crassa, dilute vinoso-purpurea; crustis plerumque com-
pluribus demum confluentibus, margine crenato-lobato; concepta-
culis sporangiferis sub foveola leviter excavata 8O—100 p lata
immersis, diametro 200—300 »; sporangiis binas sporas foventibus,
190-200 2 longis, *60— 80!} 0 dats.) Tabsg) Ov ine-mito. 10.

Description of the species. The plant forms more or less:
irregular crusts on smaller stones. Several crusts frequently are
founded on one and the same substratum, but in their farther

135

ise)

growth get fully confluent, so that especially when older it looks
as if it had been a solitary crust from the beginning. ‘The crust
is at first fastened closely to the substratum, and often even in a
more advanced stage, but when older it most frequently is rather
easily separated. It attains a thickness of 1.6 mm., frequently
about 1 mm. ‘The central part is commonly a little thicker than
the peripherical, but the latter on the other hand less decreasing
than in the nearly allied L. curewmscriptwm, and the margin shal-
lowly crenate with more or less rounded lobes. The surface nearly
always is more or less uneven. Pl. 19, fig. 15—20. This uneven-
ness is partly caused by that of the substratum, partly by cove-
ring up small extraneous objects but most often also by small
and irregular excrescences, and besides also by an irregular effa-
cing of the deep scars after the emptied and irregularly scattered
or here and there crowded conceptacles of sporangia. The surface
is also provided with numerous radiating and concentric stric. It
is feebly wine-coloured, frequently lighter than in L. cwrcumscrip-
tum, rather dull or faintly shining, but gets darker and often rather
violaceous when dry. I have never seen new crusts formed upon
the primary.

The lower, co-axil system is more vigorously developed than
in L. circumscriptum. The upper thickening layer is composed
of cells which are seen on a radial section to be arranged in rather
Straight and well-marked rows, the upper ones more loosely united,
so that they alter decalcifying are rather easily separated by pres-
sure. The cells of these layers are up to 14/, times the diameter
in length, or about 7—S8 p long and 5—6 yp thick.

The conceptacles of sporangia, the only reproductive organs
hitherto known, are partly scattered partly densely crowded here
and there in the frond, even close to the periphery, as in L. com-
pactum, and not forming a sharply defined zone as in L. circum-
scriptum. ‘They are at first seen from the surface of the frond
as slightly depressed-circular points about 80—100 p in diameter.
Later these points get by and by decorticated and then forming
rather shallow holes frequently with not sharply marked edges,
the bottom of which forms a part of the roof, intersected with

136

15—20 six-angular muciferous canals. At maturity this portion
gets dissolved, afterwards the whole roof, then leaving a distinct
and deep circular hole of about the same diameter as in L. ca-
cumscriptum, or 200—300 p. If the conceptacles are densely
crowded also a part of the dissepiments get dissolved, though less
than in the named species, but I have not seen them being angular.
The sporangia are bisporic, about 150—200 » long, 60—80 p
broadwand 20 ——2o ye) ithaicke

elation to other species. This species is closely related to
L. curcumscriptum, and it ought, perhaps, to be regarded a sou-
thern form of the latter. However, I have not seen any true
transition, and it differs in several particulars partly quoted above.
The surface is also in a younger stage more uneven than in older
crusts of that species, more irregular in outline, the peripherical
portion frequently thicker, adjacent crusts getting fully confluent,
the striz coarser, and also somewhat differing as to the structure.
So far as I have seen L. circumscriptum never produces excres-
cences. Besides, the conceptacles of sporangia are irregularly scat-
tered in every part of the crust, in certain states rather resembling
those of the named species, but on the other hand in the same
state of development somewhat differing, although I have seen
these organs only in some few specimens, most of which in
one and the same state, and I, therefore, do not know whether
they in this respect sometimes perhaps more approach the named
species.

Habitat. Contrary to L. cirewmscriptum the present plant
apparently prefers sheltered places. I found it best developed in
a lagoon or streamlet with rather rapid tides, between half tide
level and high water mark in the innermost part of the Trondhjem
Fjord. Farther out the Fjord I met wtih it on a depth of 3—5
fathom, descending to about 10 fathom. Specimens collected in
the middle of August and October were furnished with ripe spo-
rangia, though very scantily, and some few of the conceptacles
were emptied.

Occurrence. Hitherto only found in the Trondhjem Fjord, at

ey)
Strémmen (Inderden), local but pretty plentiful, and at Munkholmen
and Réberg, scarce.’)

Lithothamnion evanescens Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde crustacea, subarcte adnata, superficie plus minusve
inzequali, rosaceo-violacea vel glaucescente, |-—2 mm. crassa, mar-
gine leviter crenato; conceptaculis sporangiferis sub foveola leviter
excavata 100—120 p» lata demum annulo distincto rotundato-
angulato circumdata immersis, diametro 200—250 p»; sporangiis
binas sporas foventibus, 130—160 » longis, 40—55 p latis. Tab.
22 O_o.

Description of the species.. Of this plant I have seen but two
specimens, a Norwegian (fig. 7) and an American (fig. 6), the latter
gathered at Marblehead, Mass. Collin’s coll. C.

The crust is 1—2 mm. thick, rather irregular in outline and
not much decreasing in thickness towards the margin, and the
latter shallowly and irregularly crenate. In an older stage it is
rather easily loosened from the substratum. The surface is more
or less uneven, which partly is caused by covering up small extra-
neous objects, here and there, however, bearing small and irregular
excrescences, and the unevenness is also caused by the scars after
emptied conceptacles of sporangia being irregularly effaced. A small
part of one of the named crusts is provided with some few but
rather coarse, short and radiating strie, and the surface appears
in younger crusts to be feebly shining, in older, however, dull.
The colour is here and there a light rose pink with a violaceous
tinge, otherwise glouceous or yellowish. I have not seen new
crusts formed upon the primary.

On a vertical section of the crust the cells of the upper thicke-
ning layer form straight or nearly straight rows, after decalcifying,

1) After this was ready for the press I met with a sterile Lithothamnion in a
rather sheltered locality at Ytterden in the inner part of the Trondhjem

Fjord, growing on stones or rocks just below low-water mark, which, no

doubt, also belongs to this species. It forms more extended crusts than

the above mentioned, but also here the surface is frequently somewhat

uneven, here and there with very small and irregular excrescences, and
occasionally I found new, smaller crusts formed upon the primary.

138

upwards at least, sometimes separable by pressure. They are
square or most frequently rectangular, 8—10 p long and 6—6 p
thick including the walls, which, however, are rather thin.

The conceptacles of sporangia are very densely crowded nearly
over the whole frond, not forming any defined zone, and are here
and there emptied before the adjacent are fully developed. They
are immersed, in the earliest stage of development that I have
seen at first perceptible from the surface of the frond as minute,
indistinct and slightly depressed-circular points.- By and by these
points by decortication become more distinct and rather sharply
defined, at length forming shallow deepenings, the bottom of which
forms a part of the roof about !00—120 p» in diameter, and then
intersected with about 15—20 rather coarse and six-angular mu-
ciferous canals. At the same time is shown a very indistinct
border around this part of the roof, not raised above the surface
of the frond, but visible by its colour being a little lighter. To-
wards maturity the part of the surface between the densely crowded
borders gets by and by thinly decorticated, and at length also the
latter are sharply defined, looking a little elevated, frequently six-
angular or rounded-angular, surrounding the above named part of
the roof, about 60—S80 yp broad and rather flattened, and the whole
roof including the border about 200—250 p in diameter. Pl. 22,
fig. 8. At maturity the whole roof, including the border which
also forms a part of the roof, falls away, leaving angular, often
regularly six-angular, holes of the named diameter with thin walls,
like a mesh-work. Also a smaller or greater part of the walls
disappears, and the remaining scars by and by become effaced by
new formed tissue. The certainly not numerous sporangia that I
have examined quite likely were mature, bisporic- and 130—160,
seldom up to 200 » long and 40—55, now and then up to 60
p- broad.

elation to other species. Jt seems to be closely related in
habit to L. durum Kjellm.4), the surface, however, being more —
uneven. Also the conceptacles of sporangia apparently much re-
semble the similar organs in that species. I have not seen any

1) Beringh. Algfl. p. 22, t. 1. fig. 3—5.

Lay)

specimen of the latter, but according to Kjellman lL. c. the con-
ceptacles appear to be of about the same size in both, in the
named species ,markbara pa krustans yta genom en deras tak
omgifvande, svagt upphdjd kant“, but I do not know whether this
border is formed in the same manner as in the present species, in
which it has not been raised above the original surface of the
frond. The structure appears to be somewhat differing, and the
sporangia are tetrasporic in L. dwrum, but in L. evanescens they
most probably are bisporic.

Sterile and especially younger specimens appear to be easily
confounded with L. coalescens or L. circumscriptum.

Habitat. The named specimen found with us was fastened
to a Mytilus shell together with L. colliculosum and L. Stromfeliu
on a depth of 5—6 fathom in the inner part of a fjord. — It is
gathered in the later half of September and has been rather richly
provided with concepiacles of sporangia, nearly all of them, ho-
Wever, emptied, and the scars partly effaced. On the American
coast the plant has been taken ,just below low water mark“,
nearly encompassing a small stone, in April partly richly provided
with sporangia partly with emptied conceptacles.

Occurrence. Found at Mestervik in Malangen, not far from
‘Tromso, a solitary specimen.

Geogr. Disiribution. The Atlantic coast of North America
(Collins).

Lithothamnion levigatum Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde crustacea, subarcte adnata, O.3—0.8 mm. crassa,
leevissima, subnitida, violaceo-purpurea, livida vel flavescente; con-
ceptaculis sporangiferis sub foveola demum fere hemispheerico-
concava annulo vix elevato circumdata immersis, diametro 150—
200 »; sporangiis binas sporas foventibus, 120—150 yp longis,
AO —60 p latis. Tab. 19, fig. 21—23.

Syn. Lithothamnion crustaceum Batt. herb.

Ftemark on the species. 1 have seen but a couple of fully
developed Norwegian specimens and some other young ones pro-
‘bably belonging to the same species, but several from abroad. It

140

appears not to be uncommon on the British coast, and at Helgo-
land it apparently is one of the most common Lithothamnia. An
American specimen is gathered at Kennebunkport, Maine. Collin’s
coll. E. Pl. 19, fig. 21 and 23 represent fragments of specimens
from Helgoland, and fig. 22 is a younger Norwegian one.

Description of the species. The plant forms more or less
extended crusts on stones and rocks. Several crusts founded on
one and the same substratum get fully confluent. It is at first
closely adherent to the substratum, but when older it frequently
is more or less easily detached from it. The frond is in the cen-
tral portions 0.3—0.8 mm. thick, frequently about 0.5 mm., plainly
decreasing in thickness towards the margin, and the latter is entire
or shallowly crenate or lobed, in a younger stage sometimes with
a whitish brim. The peripherical portion is frequently more or
less indistinctly zonated. The surface otherwise is smooth and
most often feebly shining, never with excrescences, but now and
then covering up small extraneous objects, and often provided with
very small, scaly thickenings not visible to the naked eye, or
sometimes getting slightly uneven when emptied conceptacles be-
come irregularly effaced by local formations of tissue. Besidés,
the surface occasionally here and there is provided with short striz.
I have not seen new crusts formed upon the primary. The colour
is much varying, partly nearly according with that of L. polymor-
phum partly and most frequently a lighter and more violaceous-
purplish shade, or bluish brown, or yellowish brown, American
and British specimens frequently being darker than Norwegian and
Helgolandian ones.

The lower, co-axil system of the frond in general is vigorously
developed, so far as I have seen occupying about one third of the
thickness, partly less partly, however, even more, and its anticlinals,
partly converge gradually partly more strongly towards the matrix.
The cells of the upper thickening layer are on a vertical section
arranged in straight rows, and are square or rectangular, including
the walls 5—8 p long and 4—6 yp thick.

The conceptacles of sporangia are scattered in great numbers.
over the whole frond, partly nearly confluent, except a rather narrow

141

peripherical portion always being sterile. They are immersed, and
at first appear from the surface of the frond as minute, lighter
points, which soon become decorticated, at first in the centre, for-
ming depressed-circular points not perceptible to the naked eye,
later getting larger and at length forming sharply defined cup-
shaped deepenings, the roof of the conceptacles, about 150—200 p
in diameter and intersected with 40—55 muciferous canals. The
edge of the roof forms a not or scarcely not elevated, narrow
border. In this state the conceptacles much resemble in shape
the conceptacles of antheridia in L. polymorphum, but are smaller,
and those only traversed by a single canal. At maturity the roof
gets thinly decorticated and the border disappears, by and by dis-
solved or settling more or less down into the conceptacle. When
emptied the conceptacles leave globular and rather deep, distinct
holes of the same diameter as above quoted. So far as I have
seen the conceptacles never grow down into the frond and the
holes become frequently effaced by a new thickening layer of the
frond. On the other hand the roof apparently does not always
get fully dissolved and also local formations partly efface the holes
partly are formed upon the settled roof and even raised above the
surface of the frond as small, convex excrescences reminding one
of conceptacles, but very easily falling away. Such formations.
sometimes even appear to be formed upon the roof of not fully
developed conceptacles, but I do not know whether they then
perhaps prevent the farther development of the reproductive organs.

I have examined rather numerous sporangia, most of which
appeared to be mature and were two-parted. 1, however, found
two irregularly three-parted sporangia, but never four-parted, so
that I suppose mature and typically developed ones always to be
bisporic. They are 120—150 p» long, 40—60 p broad and about
15—20 p thick. Occasionally may be found very broad ones, or
up to 100 vp.

Habitat. With us this species has been found fastened to
smaller stones on a depth of 5—6 fathom. Otherwise it fastens
itself to rocks, stones and other hard objects. It apparently deve-
lops sporangia all the year. In specimens collected in the middle

142

of July the conceptacles recently were emptied, and in the midgle
of December provided with sporangia. On the British coast it
bears such ones in February. Specimens collected at Helgoland
in January, March, June and July partly bear sporangia partly
emptied conceptacles.

Felation to other species. The plant appears to show greatest
affinity to L. eireumscriptum, from which it, however, is easily
distinguished by essential characteristics. It sometimes approaches
L. polymorphum f. papillata in habit (cp. pl. 17, fig. 23), but the
latter is never smooth or only a part of the crust.

Occurrence. Found at Drébak (Gran) and Nesodden (Schrei-
ner) in the Christiania Fjord, apparently rare.

Geogr. Distribution. Helgoland (Kuckuck); Britain (Batters);
the Atlantic coast of North America (Collins).

Lithothamnion scabriusculum Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde crustacea, 0.1—0.3 mm. crassa, scabriuscula, arcte
adnata, vinacea. -Tab. 22, fig. 9.

Remark on the species. Some years ago | collected in the
most eastern part of Finmarken a sterile specimen of a Lithotham-
nion which seems to represent the type of an undescribed species.
I then sent it to Prof. Kjellman if he might have seen a similar
one. However, he declared it to be a species unknown to him,
and together with some other doubtful alge I left it unrecorded
in Contrib. I. Although sterile, there can be but little doubt that
it forms a separate species, if not, perhaps, by closer examination
of larger and fertile materials proving to be a form of L. levigatum.

Description of the species. The plant forms a thin, scarcely
more than 300, partly only 100 thick and somewhat extended
crust on a stone, composed of some confluent primary crusts,
with the limits sometimes visible sometimes not. It clings closely
and very firmly to its substratum, plainly decreasing in thickness
towards the periphery, and the very thin peripherical portion scar-
cely perceptibly zonated. The margin is shallowly and irregularly
crenate and lobed. The surface is somewhat uneven partly in
consequence of small, scaly thickenings, which are a little larger
than in L. levigatum partly also by growing over small extra-

re

143

meous objects. Besides, it is furnished with numerous and shallow
litile holes, that I suppose to be scars atter emptied conceptacles
of sporangia. Some of them are effaced by local formations of
tissue. These scars are rather more numerous, smaller and more
shallow than the holes after the emptied conceptacles in L. levi-
gatum, and, therefore, it seems as if the conceptacles have been
less. or, perhaps, not immersed. The colour is vinaceous or pinkish
vinaceous, partly with a yellowish tinge.

I do not exactly know the structure. The cells of the upper
layers of tissue appear on a vertical section to be about 8 p» long
and 6 yp. thick.

Relation to other species. As remarked, it shows greatest
affinity to L. levigatwn. However, it differs in some particulars,
and if the above named scars really are those after conceptacles
of sporangia, it probably is a well defined species.

Habitat. The specimen was found in a much exposed loca-
lity on a depth of about 6 fathom. It was taken in the beginning
of August, probably bearing sporangia earlier in the summer.

Occurrence. Only found on the outer side of Kjelmé (Syd
varanger) in East-Finmarken, a solitary specimen.

Lithothamnion orbiculatum Fosl. mscr.

_L. fronde crustacea; crusta orbiculari vel suborbiculari, dia-
metro 3—6 mm., arcte adnata, sublevi, in media parte circa
0.2 mm. crassa, limbo tenuissimo, margine leviter undulato-crenato;
conceptaculis sporangiferis convexiusculis, parum prominentibus,
diametro a superficie visis circa 250 »; sporangiis circa 80 p- longis,
20 p» latis. Tab. 22, fig. 1O—11.

Syn. Lithothamnion polymorphum Aresch. Obs. Phyc. 3, p. 5; ex parte?

fiemark on the species. In I. E. Areschoug’s herbarium
in the Riksmuseum at Stockholm is a piece of a stone, to which
some specimens of an undescribed and characteristic Lithothamnion
are fastened, the above ZL. orbiculatwm, collected about 40 years
ago at Christiansund, N. by F.L.Ekman. It has probably been

referred to L. polymorphum, as it in the named herbarium was
»

144

placed together with specimens of the last named species, of
which, on the other hand, no specimen is to be found from that.
locality.)

Description of the species. The named specimens are much
bleached, with a faint yellowish tinge, orbicular or nearly orbicular,
3—6 mm. in diameter, occasionally somewhat confluent, and clo-
sely adherent to the substratum. They are in the central portion
scarcely more than 0.2 mm. thick. The nature of the surface
appears to be determined by that of the substratum, most often
nearly smooth, or the unevenness partly caused by scars after
emptied conceptacles, which are gradually filled with new formed.
tissue, but the latter not always regularly effacing the scars. A
broader or narrower part of the peripherical portion is very thin,
shallowly undulate-crenate, and is frequently rather distinctly mar-
ked from tke internal and thicker part of the crust. Pl. 22, fig. 10..

The cells of the upper thickening layer are, so far as I have
seen, rectangular with rounded corners, about 7-10 p» long and.
5—6 p thick with thin walls.

The conceptacles of sporangia never grow down into the
frond, so far as may be judged from the scanty materials at my
disposal. They are small and somewhat crowded in the central
portion of the frond, seen from the surface about 250 p in dia-
meter, and the circular, slightly convex roof very little prominent,
partly and more often not or scarcely not raised above the sur-
face of the frond, but distinct and nearly always surrounded by
an annular, shallow deepening. Pl. 22, fig. 11. The roof falling
away a shallow or deeper scar after the emptied conceptacles
appears on the surface of the frond, which by and by becomes.
filled by new formed tissue. The only conceptacle examined was.
not provided with mature sporangia, a Solitary one nearly linear,
about 80 » long and 20 » broad, with a founded but very indi-
stinct partition from the periphery towards the middle of the cell.
I, therefore, cannot decide whether the sporangia are bisporic or
tetrasporic.

I got a Lithothamnion from Mr. Batters, gathered at Arran,

tp, Aresich) tic. and Ekman, Bidmup, 5: #

145

which closely resembles this species in habit, of the same size, but
partly less regular in outline, the crusts here and there confluent,
with the limits sometimes visible sometimes not, and the periphe-
rical portion slightly thicker, fully or almost fully passing into the
central portions. It bears scars after emptied conceptacles, some
of which are nearly effaced, or only the central portion of the roof
dissolved, showing that they are of the same size as in the pre-
sent species, but less distinctly marked. The colour is a faint
purplish pink. It hardly admits of doubt that this plant is identic
‘with the species in question, although the sporangia are unknown.

Relation to other species. It is plainly distinct from any other
species that I know, perhaps most nearly allied with L. Strém-
feliz, but easily recognized and separated by essential characteristics.

Habitat. The species probably grows on rocks in the litoral
region, supposing it has been referred to Melobesia polymorpha
recorded by Ekman l.c. It appears to be furnished with spo-
rangia in summer. The above quoted British specimen has been
collected in August.

Occurrence. Hitherto only met with at Christiansund, N.
(Ek man).

Geogr. Distribution. Britain (Batters).

Lithothamnion Stromfeltii Fosl. mscr.
- Lithothamnion tenue Roseny. Grénl. Havalg. p. 778.

f. macrospora Fosl. mscr.

f. plerumque nitida, concentrice zonata, margine lobato vel
crenato; conceptaculis sporangiferis diametro 600 —900 »; sporangiis
250—600 p- longis, 100—200 yp latis. Tab. 22, fig. 12.

f. tenwissima Fosl. mscr.

f, subnitida, non vel parce zonata, margine sepe irregulariter
crenato-lobato; conceptaculis sporangiferis diametro 400—600 p;
sporangiis 150—200 p longis, 50—80 vp latis.

Fig. VLithophyllum Lenormandi f. leve Fosl. Contrib. II, pl. 3, fig. 6.
Syn. Melobesia Lenormandi Farl. Mar. Alg. New Engl. p. 181; ex parte?

Lithophyllum Lenormandi Gobi, Algenfl. Weiss. Meer. p. 21; ex parte.
os - Fosl. Contrib. I, p. 9; ex parte.

146
Syn. Lithophyllum lave Stromf. Algveg. Isl. p. 31?
a ROSE IE es fos 10;
a Lenormandi f. lave Fosl. Contrib. II, p. 10.

Remark on the species and description of the form. Through
the kindness of Kolderup Rosenvinge I have had the opportu-
nity to examine some specimens of his Lithothamnion tenue. This
species includes the plant that I have referred to Lithophyllum
leve Strémf. and in Contrib. |. c. subsumed as a form of JL.
Lenormandi (Aresch.). Besides, it includes another, coarser form
which I also met with along the northern part of the coast. How-
ever, being uncertain where this form really ought to be placed —
I then left it unrecorded, though some specimens were with doubt
referred to the named f. deve.

Strémfelt |. c. quotes his LZ. lave to be closely related to
LL. Lenormandt. Judging from his description and supposing the
sporangia not. to have been fully developed in the specimens exa-
mined by him, but mature ones being tetrasporic as in my speci-
mens, I considered them identic.t) Although I am still of opinion,
that the present species is identic with or includes L. deve Strémf.,,
there is, however, nothing to prove, that this in fact is the case.
No specimen of the plant is to be found in Strémfelt’s collection
in the Riksmuseum at Stockholm, and, perhaps, it may have been
another but nearly allied species. I, therefore, here do not adopt.
this name.

On the other hand, the name tenwe has already been applied.
to a Species of the subgenus Lathophylium, viz. L. tenue (Kjellm.)?).
I, therefore propose the species in question to be named after the
lates FerG.3Strommielit:

1) Rosenvinge mentions bisporic sporangia occasionally found by him, and!
I have also seen such ones, but they have probably not been fully deve-
loped. The measures given by Stromfelt apparently show narrow spo-
rangia. These organs are in fact much varying, and small sporangia may,
not seldom, be found together with very large ones in one and the same
conceptacle. I want, however, to remark, that the sporangia being bent.
somewhat inwards and thereby often lying more or less on the side when_
removed from the conceptacle look narrower than they really are.

2) Bevingh. Alefl. p. 22.

147

The plant forms in the sense here taken an intermediate link
between Hulithothamnion and Lithophyllum, the above f. macro-
spora most nearly related to the former, and f. tenurssima as to
the structure forming transitions to the latter and occasionally not
easily separated from L. Lenormandi. Some of the specimens
that I in Contrib. 1 referred to L. Lenormandi really belong to
LL. Strémfeltu. Owing to this confusion I lay no stress on my
notes as to the distribution of these species especially along the
coast of East-Finmarken, but refer only to the specimens that I
now possess. Later I met with rather numerous fertile specimens
of the last named. species, and, through the kindness of Prof.
Wittrock, I have examined authentic specimens of L. Lenormands
in Areschoug’s herbarium in the Riksmuseum at Stockholm. :

The named forms macrospora and tenwissima are certainly
not well defined, as transitions very often are to be found, but
they are, on the other hand, in their most extreme forms rather
differing, so that I hold it most suitable to regard them as deno-
minated forms of the species. Nor are they -apparently the
only ones.

The form macrospora is characterized by its more distinctly
zonated peripherical portion, having tendency to become orbicular
when freely developed on a plain substratum, and the margin
more regular. It is in general rather shining, sometimes even much,
the crust gets up to -1OO pv in thickness, and the conceptacles of
sporangia are very large, 600—900 p in diameter or more, and
are more or less flattened, low, or nearly disc-shaped. The tetra-
sporic sporangia also are proportionally large, but very much va-
rying in shape as well as in size even within one and the same
conceptacle. However, they are frequently about 250—600 p long
and 100—200 p broad.

The form tenwissioma sometimes is only 50 p thick sometimes
attaining a thickness of 200 » or even more, but specimens from
the more southern part of the coast seem in general to be thinner
than those from the northern. It has a more irregular outline,
being composed of smaller and more irregularly confluent crusts
than in f. macrospora. It is less shining, sometimes even rather:

148

dull, and not or only a little zonate. The conceptacles of spo-
rangia as well as the sporangia themselves are frequently smaller
than in the named form, the former 400-—600 yp in diameter seen
from the surface and the latter 150—200 p long and 50—80
p broad.

The roof of the named conceptacles is in both forms traversed
with 80—120 muciferous canals. The roof being dissolved a cup-
shaped scar with somewhat elevated edges appears on the surface
of the frond. These scars become by and by filled frequently
with new, local formations of tissue, and these local thickenings
may sometimes be small, only effacing the scar, sometimes rather
extended, now and then crowded or partly imbricated, forming small
lamels, which, however, are larger than those in L. Lenormandi.

The conceptacles of cystocarps are in the present species
conical and frequently rather acute, 600—800 » in diameter at the
base and at maturity upwards traversed by a distinct canal often
visible to the naked eye. They appear in the same individual as
those of sporangia. The carpospores are much varying in regard
to the shape as well as size, frequently broadly cuneate, 150—250 p
long and 80—130 yp broad in the broadest part.)

Conceptacles of antheridia generally also appear in the same
individual as the latter. They most often are only one half or
one third the size of the conceptacles of cystocarps, or 300—400
pin diameter at the base, but otherwise resembling the_last named
organs. The spermatia are very irregular in shape and size, most
frequently rounded or rounded-angular, compressed, thin, and about
SO—100 in diameter. 3

The colour of the plant is not much varying, partly, however,
apparently depending on the locality where it grows. Along the
northern part of the coast it agrees with Greenlandic specimens
and a Spitzbergian one that I have seen, the latter gathered be-
tween Amsterdam- and Norskderne, sometimes, however, a lighter
sometimes even a darker pink, but in all getting somewhat darker
in the lower part of the sublitoral region than farther up. In the

1) With reference to the shape and measures quoted in Contrib. Il, p. 12 ep.
the note under J. colliculosum.

149

Trondhjem Fjord I occasionally met with specimens of a rather
dark brownish pink colour.

Remark on the synonomy. The plant that Farlow records
l.c. by the name of Melobesia Lenormandi most probably at
least in part includes the present species. ,,The tetrasporic con-
ceptacles are large but very much flattened“ and the crust ,rose-
colored“, which does not correspond with L. Lenormandi (Aresch.),
but on the contrary appears to accord well with the present species.

Of L. Lenormandi Gobi 1. c. | have seen three authentic
specimens from the White Sea. Two of these, which are fertile,
agree fully with the present species, the one growing together with
a young individual of another species, probably . collsculoswm.
The third specimen on the other hand is quite likely a form of
LL. flavescens, but the conceptacles of sporangia are a little smaller
than in the latter, and I have not examined the sporangia, nor
the structure.

Felation to other species. As remarked, it is closely allied
with L. Lenormandi, but distinguishes itself partly in colour partly
and especially with reference to the reproductive organs, and in
typically developed specimens also by its smoother surface. The
cystocarpic conceptacles are different both in shape and size, and
those of sporangia are frequently much larger, more flattened, never
so densely crowded as common in LZ. Lenormandi, and the mu-
-ciferous canals are more numerous. With regard to the difference
in structure cp. Rosenvinge I. c.

The species seems in some respects also to show greater

affinity to L. tenue (Kjellm.)}).
\ It is on the other side now and then difficult to separate it
from certain forms of LZ. flavescens, and even ~sporangia-bearing
specimens, without closer examination, can be confounded with
such of the latter, in which the conceptacles have not yet grown
down into the frond, although the superficial ones are more pro-
minent in the named species.

Besides, younger individuals are easily confounded with young
ones of other species.

1) Beringh. Algfl. p. 22.
We

150

Habitat. The present plant lives in the upper as well as
lower part of the sublitoral region, fastened to smaller stones or
to shells, sometimes on a depth of 2—4 fathom sometimes and
more frequently on greater depths, until 15 fathom, or occasionally
more. It appears to prefer protected places and descends deepest
in exposed localities. It often grows together with other Litho-
thamnia, in such cases frequently at length being covered with the
latter. Specimens collected in July to October were provided with
ripe sporangia, in August and September with carpospores and
spermatia.

Occurrence. It is probably more commonly dispersed along
the northern and western part of the coast than hitherto known,
in several places being pretty plentiful. I have taken it at Kjelmo,
Kirkenes and Mehavn in East-Finmarken; Kistrand, Kjelvik, Kval-
sund, Sopnes (Altenfjord) in West-Finmarken; Skorpen, the outer
part of Balsfjord and at Mestervik in Tromsd Amt. I also met
with it at Strémmen, Ytter6en, Tautra, Oxningen, Munkholmen,
Vanvik, ROberg and Rissen in the Trondhjem Fjord. One or two
small specimens have been gathered at Sulen in Sogn (Boye) and
Espever (Gran) on the south-western coast.

Geogr. Distribution. The White Sea (Gobi); Spitzbergen;
Greenland (Rosenvinge); Iceland (Stromfelt)? The Atlantic coast
of North America (Farlow)? :

Subgen. Lithophylium (Phil.) Fosl. mscr.+)
Gen, Lithophyllum Phil. 1. c.; Aresch. 1. ¢.; Rosan 1. ¢.

Lithothamnion Lenormandi ‘Aresch.) Fosl. msecr.
Melobesia Lenormandi Aresch. 1. c.
Descr. Lithophyllum Lenormandi Rosan. |. c. p. 85.
Fig. 3 3 RA Pye sn tay antes IO} 7/5) 15520), s8lez, la)
Hauck, Meeresalg. t. Ill, fig. 4;
Strémf. Algveg. Isl. t. 1, fig. 9—10.

1) After a part of the present paper was printed I have had the opportunity
to see a note by Mr. P. Hariot in Journ. Bot. 9, p. 113, where he pro-
poses to change the name Lithophyllum Phil. for Tenarea Bory. He

lol

f. typica Fosl. mscr.

f. conceptaculis sporangiferis hemispheericis vel fere hemisphe-
ricis, creberrimis, diametro a superficie visis 250—350 p.

f. sublevis Fosl. mscr.

f. superficie leviore; conceptaculis sporangiferis depresso-he-
misphericis, subcrebris, diametro a superficie visis 300—400 vp.

Syn. Melobesia Lenormandi Le Jol, Alg. Mar. Cherb. p. 151; sec. spec.

Ps x Kleen, Nordl. Alg. p. 11.

Rf i Farl. Mar. Ale. New Engl. p. 181; ex parte?

e A Batt. Mar. Alg. Berw. p. 139; sec. spec.
Lithophyllum a Solms-Laub. Corall. p. 15.

. ae Hauck 1. c. p. 267; saltem ex parte sec. spec.

a kjellm. N. Ish. Algfl. p. 136 (103).

33 . Holm. et Batt. in Annals of Bot. p. 102.

8 33 Rke. Algenfl. p. 32.

o sh Fosl. Contrib. I, p. 9; ex parte.

Remark on the form of the species. ‘The form that I appre-
hend as the typical is characterized by its conceptacles of sporangia
being very densely crowded over the whole frond except a broader
or narrower part of the peripherical portion, often so densely that
the roofs become angular, now and then two or three confluent.
They are hemispherical or subhemispherical, 250—350 yp. in dia-
meter, and the upper part of the roof intersected with 25—35
muciferous canals, which partly are somewhat crowded, never
densely, partly and most frequently rather scattered. Towards

remarks: ,,Bory de Saint-Vincent recueillit pendant l’expédition de Morée,
sur les rochers du Cap Ténare, une production calcifiée quil considéra
comme un Polypier et qu’il signala comme tel dans une Notece sur les
Polypiers de la Gréce. Cette Notice, assez courte d’ailleurs, est insérée
dans la partie consacrée a la Zoologie de l’expedition scientifique de Morée“.
It is written five years before Dr. Philippi published his well-known paper
on the true nature of the Nullipores of older authors. Mr. Hariot has
examined the original specimen recorded by the name of Tenarea (undu-
losa) Bory, and considers it the type of a species including L. cristatum.
(Menegh.) and ZL. crasswn (Lloyd) as varieties. He farther remarks:
,Bory a encore décrit, dans le meme Mémoire, un Nudllipora Trochanter
qui n’est autre que le Lithothamnium byssoides créé par Philippi pour le
Nullipora byssoides de Lamark“.

I cannot agree with Mr. Hariot to strike the name Lithophyllum.
Before Philippi proved the Nullipores really to be plants, they were ap-

sy

maturity the central portion of the roof often gets a little flattened
or even depressed. This portion at first becomes dissolved, later
the greater part of the roof, but so far as I have seen, always
leaving a smaller or larger border. These borders contribute to
the unevenness of the frond, and the rest of the emptied concep-
tacles get effaced by local formations of tissue The tetrasporic
sporangia are about 60—80 » long and 20—35 p broad. I have,
however, examined but some few of the latter.

In f sublevis the conceptacles frequently are a little larger
than in f. typzca, the roof 300—400 p in diameter, and more flat-
tened, sometimes in this respect rather approaching those of L.
Stromfeltii and not densely crowded. I have seen only one or
two specimens of this form from Helgoland and from Berwick on
the British coast, and a small one from the Christiania Fjord only
provided with cystocarpic conceptacles probably belongs to the
same form. The surface appears to be smoother and the colour
darker than frequently in f. typica. However, it is possible that
this form perhaps constitutes a separate species, although the limits
seem to be very difficult to draw.

prehended partly as such partly as animals, and often referred to various
genera. Cp. Gimbel, Die sogen. Nullip. p. 17. The name Nullipora
was constituted by Lamarck 1. c. as genus-name, and by him it comprehends
calcareous algze principally of the later genus Lithothanuuon Phil. The
oldest genus-name applied only to species of the latter is Apora, recorded by
Gunnerus, which could be adopted for Lithothammon with the same
pretension as Tenarea for Lithophyllum. Thus Gunnerus remarks with
regard to his Apora polymorpha in Act. Nidros. 4 (1768), p. 21, t. 8:
,.Man finder ei, paa disse, Stierner eller Porer (hverken Milleporarum eller
Celleporarum); hvorfor de Orme, som beboe denne Corall, maa séges imellem
dens Grene eller de smaa Rum, som flere sammengroede, af denne Art,
foraarsage, eller og i de Hull, som Ormene selv paa adskillige Maader bore
igjennem dens Grene. Af denne Aarsag synes mig, at den udgjer et nyt
Genus, som jeg kalder Apora“. Cp. above under L. fruticulosum and
I. coralloides. | However, I find no reason to replace neither the denomi-
nation Lithothamnion nor Lithophyllum for any other previous to those
of Philippi, which have been maintained for nearly 60 years.

On the other hand I agree with Mr. Hariot that the species-name
undulosa ought, perhaps, to be adopted for L. cristatwm, if the latter in
the sense taken by Solms-Laubach and Hauck 1. c. does not include
more than one species.

153

The conceptacles of sporangia are quoted by Hauck l.c. to
be ,sehr flach“. This is not the case in a specimen from his
herbarium that I have seen, but fully according with those of the
typical form. Another specimen from his herbarium perhaps be-
longing to this species and most nearly related to the below men-
tioned specimen from the Black Sea is nearly covered with another °
Lithothamnion, that I suppose to be a younger L. eerustans f.
depress and mentioned under this. On the other hand Hauck’s
plant probably also includes the above f. sublevis.

As remarked by Rosanoff |. c. the cystocarpic conceptacles
appear frequently in the same individual as those of sporangia,
but either most often in the greatest number. They are of about
the same size as the latter, hemispherical or sometimes between
hemispherical and low conical, with a rather large orifice. This
is due to both forms. But in the above quoted not quite certain
specimen of f. swblevis from the Christiania Fjord they are nearly
conical, though never acute. Also here only the greater part of
the roof falls away. Some smail conceptacles in company with
the latter, about 200 » in diameter or less, are probably those of
antheridia. I have not seen the carpospores, nor the spermatia.

The colour of the plant is quoted by Areschoug l. c. to
be ,nunc purpureo-rubri nunc cretaceo-albidi“, by Rosanoff ,rose-
violacée“, by Solms-Laubach ,hell-violett“ and by Hauck
;rotlich-lila“. Authentic specimens in Areschoug’s herbarium from
the Bahusian coast of Sweden are lilac, almost fully according
with no. 48 in Saccardo, Chromotaxia. Helgolandian specimens
partly are light lilac partly and especially f. swblevis approaching
that of L. polymorphum, or with a more violaceous tinge and
more often nearly coinciding with that of L. levigatum. British
specimens that I.have seen most nearly accord with the darker
Helgolandian. A specimen from Cherbourg has a very light viola-
ceous shade. Specimens with us that I have gathered in Nordland
accord with Bahusian, partly, however, a little darker partly with
a yellowish-violaceous shade. At Berlevaag, the most northern
locality known, it sometimes is yellowish, here and there with a
very faint violaceous tinge, sometimes bluish violet.

154

Remark on the synonomy. Those of the above quoted sy-
nonymes of which I have seen specimens accord with LZ. Lenor-
mandi in the sense here taken. As mentioned under L. Stromfeliu
1 suppose M. Lenormandi Farl. includes the former, but not
unlikely f. swblevis and perhaps also f. typica of the present spe-
cies. As to my ZL. Lenormandi in Contrib. 1 cp. under L.
Stromfelti.

A specimen from the Black Sea determined by Mr. C. Decken-
bach as L. Lenormandi seems also to me to be referrible to
this species, but the numerous and densely crowded conceptacles
are emptied, only a border left, and they are smaller than frequently
in L. Lenormandi, about 200 » in diameter, partly a little more
partly even less. However, I have not examined the structure,
the colour is much faded, apparently having been kept in alcohol,
and not unlikely it ought to be considered a denominated form
of the species.

Relation to other species. J do not know any other species
of the subgenus Lithophyllum to which the present plant shows
greater affinity than L. tenwe (Kjellm.), a species that I, however,
have mot.seen. ‘Cp. Beringh: Alef p22) tol pic. © Osa
reference to its relation to L. Strémfeliu cp. under the latter.

Habitat. Along the northern coast it appears frequently to
occur in rock pools or on rocks in the lower part of the litoral
region, partly in sheltered places partly on open coast. On the
southern coast it sometimes descends a little into the sublitoral
region. In East-Finmarken specimens with reproductive organs
have been taken in the beginning of July, in Nordland in June,
July, August and October, and in the Christiania Fjord in December.
Most of the conceptacles were, however, recently emptied in the
specimens that I have seen. At Helgoland it bears these organs
in March and June, on the British coast in January, February and
March, and at Cherbourg in February. Thus it seems as if the
plant at least in southern waters develops such organs all the year.

Occurrence. This is a more southern plant than L. Stromfelia.
I know but little of its distribution with us, as it has often been
confounded with other species. The most northern place from

LDS)

which I possess quite certain specimens is Berlevaag in East-
Finmarken. It is not with certainty known between here and
Nordland, where I met with it at Lodingen, local but pretty plentiful,
and Kleen l.c. quotes it to be common and abundant. Besides,
it has been gathered at Nesodden in the Christiania Fjord (Schreiner).
It probably is commonly dispersed especially along the southern
part of the coast.1)-

Geogr. Distribution. The Bahusian coast of Sweden (Are-
schoug, and others); the western Baltic Sea (Reinke); Helgoland
(Sonder, Kuckuck); Britain (Batters, Holmes); the western
coast of France (Lenormand, Crouan, Le Jolis); the Mediter-
ranean Sea (Bornet, Falkenberg, Solms-Laubach); the Adria-
tic Sea (Hauck); the Black Sea (Deckenbach); the Atlantic
coast of North America (Farlow)?

Lithothamnion squamulosum Fosl. mscr.

L. fronde lamelliformi, crustacea, 4—7 mm. crassa, violaceo-
grisea, lamellis plus minusve horizontalibus, in tubercula minuta
verruceforma prominentibus. Tab. 19, fig. 24—26.

Description of the species. The plant forms rather extended
crusts 4—7 mm. in thickness, loosely covering rocks or other
crustaceous Lithothamnia, as L. polymorphum. The crust is more

1) After this was ready for the press I met with the typical form of L. Le-
normandi in considerable abundance on rocks in the lower part of the
litoral and upper part of the sublitoral region, descending to about | fathom,
at Ytterden in the Trondhjem Fjord. Especially when growing on shady
perpendicular rocks, or else in the first named region quite covered with
Fucaceeé or other alge it in a living and younger, though fertile, stage
frequently. assumes a dark violet or now and then. purplish violet colour,
older, however, getting lighter, lilac, with a more or less yellowish shade
or occasionally even greyish. On the other hand, if growing uncovered it
always becomes more or less light, frequently a rather feeble lilac, and if
exposed to the sun in the lower part of the litoral region it often gets very
light, older even quite white or yellowish white. Besides, in an older stage
the plant is not so closely adherent to the substratum as in a younger.

At the same place | also found a specimen on a stone just below low-
water mark which stands nearest to f. sublevis, with the surface nearly
smooth, and the conceptacles of sporangia are nearly as flattened as in the
above mentioned specimens of this form but more crowded.

156

or less porous, composed of numerous, minute and more or less.
horizontal lamels. The lamels of the surface form small wart-like
or irregular and densely crowded processes, which partly are formed
by a single, convex-concave partly and most frequently composed
of more lamels, which, however, never are vertical. The lamels.
are smooth or feebly zonated. The colour is a sallowish violet-
grey, but a rather dark violet in the lower part of a peripherical
portion occasionally not clinging to the substratum.

I have not seen certain organs of propagation, but I found a
few emptied conceptacles, that probably are those of sporangia.
They seem to have been hemispherical, the peripherical portion ot
the roof not falling away, as in L. Lenormandi, and when emptied
rather resembling those in f. typica of the last named species but
smaller, or about 200 p in diameter. ;

Relation to other species. It seems to be nearly connected
with certain forms of L. eristatum (Menegh.) and it, perhaps,
may prove to be only a form of the latter, a species that I have
not seen. However, it differs by its apparently smaller and more
horizontal lamels, which are never vertically raised as frequently
in that species, or if raised the upper portion always bends over
a subjacent lamel or bends downwards, and the surface of the
latter is smoother. Besides, the conceptacles of sporangia appear
to be different.

Habitat. According to the kind communication af Cand. real.
P. Boye, the finder of the species, it grows in the lower part of
the litoral region, and, as it seems, in quiet bays. Specimens.
taken in July bear newly emptied conceptacles (of sporangia?).

Occurrence. The inner Stensund at Sulen in Sogn, on the
western coast (Boye).

Fossil Lithothamnia.
QP, 23),

Several species of fossil Lithothamnia have been described,
but they appear most frequently to be nearly impossible to identify
with certainty, as the recognizable characters are lost. Of the
more delicate or little anastomosing forms only fragmentary pieces
are to be had, and of the larger anastomosing forms only the
more solid central portions appear to be left, so that on the whole.
only the latter apparently are subject to an approximate determi-
nation of species. Besides, often only the organs of propagation
afford a certain characteristic. Therefore, it is in most cases very
difficult to know whether a form belongs to a living or is an ex-
tinct species.)

An interesting note on Lithothamnia from deep cuttings of the
bottom at the mouth of the River Liffey is given by Prof. O'Reilly
in Proc. Irish Acad. p. 223. He found several shells coated with
Lithothamnia from a depth of about 22 feet 6 inches below the
low water mark of the river, and gives a sketch of the different
strata above the bed of shells and Lithothamnia. A few years
ago he sent me some of these specimens for identification. I then
considered them to belong partly to L. fasceculatwm (Harv.) partly
to L. polymorphum. Later he kindly sent me a ‘photogtaphy of
the specimens, and I am still of opinion that those determined as
L. fasciculatum (Hary.) belong to the same plant to which the

1) Cp. Unger, Leithakalk; Giimbel, Die sogen. Nullip.; Waters, Notes
foss. Lithoth.; and Zittel, Palzont. Il, p. 38,

158

latter is referred in this paper, viz. L. crasswm Phil, or perhaps
partly belong to L. fruticulosum. But on the other hand “those
referred to L. polymorphum do not belong to this species in the
sense here taken. They not unlikely are identic partly with the
same species as the above mentioned partly L. mcrustans f. Har-
veyi. They, however, ought to be compared with living specimens,
as the same species are considered ,still to be found living in the
Bay of Dublin, but apparently not any longer in the mouth of the
River Liffey”.

The Lithothamnion banks in the sea are extensive not only
in horizontal but also in vertical direction, in larger banks the lower
layers consist of dead specimens, by and by increasing upwards,
and in this respect they correspond with the coral-reefs of the
tropics. With us I have seen various such banks, which, especially
in sounds and branches of fjords, have increased so much in ver-
tical direction, that the top of the bank has been but very little
below the present level of low-water and by lowest neap tides
even partly laid dry. In places with rapid tides these banks also
give rise to a greater accumulation of mud. I got numerous spe-
cimens from Vard6 obtained by the harbours stirring up mud.
Some few of these have been living, and belong to L. fruticulo-
sum f. glomerata. The other and very greatest part of the collec-
tion consists of dead individuals and belong to a species which on
the one side reminds one of certain forms of L. fruticulosum; but
on the other side by the rather regular subdichotomous, straight
and fastigiate, not or in the central portions very little anastomosing
branches somewhat resemble certain forms of L. tophiforme, although
they are thinner than frequentiy in this species, and it not unlikely
constitutes a separate and undescribed species. I am told that the
bottom was chiefly composed of Lithothamnia, but I have not got
full informations with reference to the. conditions under which they
were taken, and the extent of the layers. I, therefore, here do
not more nearly record the last named form.

At some places along the Norwegian coast have been found
Lithothamnia above the present level of the sea, althoug not, so
far as | know, petrified forms. I have seen such at Tromsé, but

159

here only fragmentary pieces which are quite impossible to deter-
mine, though perhaps identic with L. fruteculosum f. flexuosa, L.
tophiforme or L. coralloides, or species which are most nearly
related to these. At least in some places the so-called ,skjzlsand“,
. g. sand mixed with fragments of shells, also comprehends frag-
ments of Lithothamnia.

In banks of shells below the bog posteriously the town Bod6é
in Nordland occur numerous Lithothamnia some feet above the
level of the sea. At least some of these must be referred to ZL.
-fruticulosum f. typica (and perhaps also f. fastegiata), much re-
sembling specimens of the latter which often are found washed
ashore and rubbed by the waves. Cp. pl. 23, fig. 1—9.

In sinking a well at Herd in Helgeland Stud. med. Kristian
Schreiner had the opportunity to see Lithothamnia from deeper
jayers. He kindly informed me, that the specimens apparently
belonged to the same series of forms as the last named.

At Garten, a small island at the mouth of the Trondhjem
Fjord, I met with similar plants under the green turf just above
high-water mark. Pl. 23, fig 10—15. Also these appear to be-
long to L. fruticulosum, sometimes encompassing small stones
(fig. 12, 15) sometimes not. At the same place I saw numerous
dead specimens at or below low-water mark, but I had not occa-
sion to ascertain whether they had been cast up from deeper
water (it seemed to be rather steep below), or perhaps washed
out from the bank.

Thus it appears, that the Lithothamnia also with us and espe-
cially along the northern part of the coast have been and still are
of essential importance in forming new strata of the earth-crust,
but the extent of these strata is not yet well known.

160

ivst-of Litera tare:

Agardh, J. G. Species, genera et ordines Algarum. Lunde 1848:

—1876. — (J. G. Ag. Spec. Alg.)

Areschoug, J. E. Observationes Phycologicee 3. — Acta regie:

Societatis scientiarum Upsaliensis. Ser. 3, Vol. 10.
Upsalie 1875. — ‘Aresch. Obs. Phyc.)

Algee Scandinavice exsiccatz. Ser. nova. Fasc.
19)», Upsalize: 18617 79: (Ateschaaler=
Scand. exsicc.)

Batters, E. A. L. A List of the Marine Alge of Berwick-on-

Tweed. — Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club Trans-
actions, 1889. — (Batt. Mar. Alg. Berw.)

The Alge of the Clyde Sea Area. — Journal of
Botany, 1891. -— (Batt. in Journ. of_ Bot.)
Additional Notes on the Marine Algz of the Clyde
Sea Area. — Journal of Botany, 1892. — (Batt.
in Journ. of Bot.)

New or critical British Alge. — Grevillea. Vol.
21—22. London 1892—1893. — (Batt. in Gre-
Villea.) :

Bornet, Hd. et Thuret, G. Etudes Phycologiques. Paris i878.

— (Born. et Thur. Etud. Phycol.)

Crowan, P. L. et H. M. Florule du Finistére. Paris 1867. —

(Crn. Fl. Finist.)

Ekman, F. L. Bidrag till kannedomen om Skandinaviens Hafs-

alger. — Diss. Stockholm 1857. — (Ekm. Bidr.)

Ellis, J.

”

161

Natur-Geschichte der Corall-Arten. Nurnberg 1767.
— (Ellis, Corall.)

et Solander D. The Natural History of many curious

and uncommon Zoophytes collected by J. Ellis,
arranged and described by D. Solander. London
1786. — (Ellis et Sol. Zooph.)

Esper, EH. J. Ch. Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nebst Be-

Farlow, W. G.

Foslie, M.

Gobi, Chr.

Giimbel, C. W.

schreibungen. Bd. 1—3 et Suppl. Ntirnberg 1791—
1830. — (Esper, Pflanzenth.)

Marine Algee of New England: and adjacent Coast.
— Report U. S. Fish Commission. Washington
1881. — (Farl. New Engel. Alg.)

Contribution to Knowledge of the Marine Algz of

Norway. [—II. — Troms6 Museums Aarshefter

13, 14. Tromsd 1891—1892. — (Fosl. Contrib.)
(M. Ff.) Alger og Muslinger. — Naturen. Bergen
1892. — (Fosl. Alg. og Musl.)

New or critical Norwegian Algee. — Det kel. norske
Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter 1893. Trondhjem
1894. — (Fosl. New or crit. Alg.)

Die Algenflora des Weissen Meeres und der dem-
selben zundchstliegenden Theile des nordlichen
Eismeeres. — Mémoires de l'Academie impeériale
des Sciences de St-Petersbourg. Ser. 7. Tome
26, No. 1. — (Gobi, Algenfl. Weiss. Meer.)

Die sogenannten Nulliporen (Lithothamnium und
Dactylopora) und ihre Betheiligung an der Zusam-
mensetzung der Kalkgesteine. Erster Theil: die
Nulliporen des Pflanzenreichs (Lithothamnium). —
Abhandlungen der mathematisch-physikalischen
Classe der k6n. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissen-
schaften. 11. Band. Mtinchen 1874. — (Gitimbel,
Nullip.)

Gunnerus, J. E. Om nogle Norske Coraller. — Det kgl. norske

Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter. Fjerde Deel. Kjo-
benhavn 1768. — (Gunn. in Act. Nidros.)

Harwt, P.

Harvey, W. H.

Hauck, F.

162

Le genre Tenarea Bory. — Journal de Botanique.
Q Année. Paris 1895. — (Hariot in Journ. Bot.)
A Manual of the British Alege. Ed 2. London
1849. — (Harv. Man.)

Phycologia Britannica or a History of British Sea:
Weeds. London 1846 --1851. — (Harv. Phyc. Brit.)
Die Meeresalgen. — Dr. L. Rabenhorst’s Krypto-
gamen-Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der
Schweiz. Band 2. Leipzig 1883. — (Hauck,
Meeresalg.)

Holmes, E. M. et Batters, H. A. LZ. A Revised List of the Bri-

Johnston, G.

tish Marine Alge. — Annals of Botany, Vol. V.
1890. — (Holm. et Batt. Rev. List.)

A History of British Sponges and Lithophytes.
Edinburgh 1842. — (Johnst. Brit. Spong. and.
Lithoph.)

Kjellman, F. R. orberedande Anmarkningar om algvegetationen.

i Mosselbay enligt iakttagelser under vinterdragg-
ningar, anstalda af Svenska polarexpeditionen 1872’
—1873. — Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Aka-
demiens Férhandlingar 1875, No. 5. Stockholm.
— (Kkjellm. Vinteralgv.)

Om Spetsbergens marina klorofyllforande Thallo-
phyter 1, 2. — Bihang till Kongl. Svenska Veten-
skaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Band 3, No. 7, Band
4 No.6. Stockholmel37o. 167723 a kKgelioas
Spetsb. Thall.)

Ueber die Algenvegetation des Murmanchen Meeres.
an der Westktiste von Nowaja Semlja und Waj-
gatsch. — Nova acta regize Societatis scientiarum.
Upsaliensis. Ser. 3. — Upsaliz 1877. — (Kjellm.
Algenv. Murm. Meer.)

Bidrag till kannedomen af Kariska hafvets Alg-
vegetation. — Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-
Akademiens Férhandlingar 1877, No.2. Stockholm.
(Kjellm. Kariska hafvets Algv-)

163

Kjellman, FF. R&. Norra Ishafvets Algflora. — Vega-expeditionens

vetenskapliga iakttagelser. Bd. 3. Stockholm 1883.
— InEnglish by the titel: The Algz of the Arctic
Sea. K.« Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Hand-
lingar. Bd. 20, No.5. Stockholm 1883. — (Kjellm.
N. Ish. Algfl. — The number of pages quoted
within parentheses refer to the English edition.)
Om Beringhafvets Algflora. — K. Svenska Veten-
skaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Band 23, No. 8.
— (Kjellm. Beringh. Algfl.)

Kleen, E. Om Nordlandens hégre hafsalger. -— Ofversigt af
Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens F6rhandlingar 1874,
No. 9. Stockholm. — (Kleen, Nordl. Alg.)

Kiitzing, F. T. Phycologia generalis. Leipzig 1843. — (Kitz.

”
Lamarck, J. B.

Le Jolis, A.

TInnné, C. von.
Mohr, N.

O’ Reilly, J. P.

Phyc. gener.)

Phycologia germanica. Nordhausen 1845. — (Kutz.
Phyc. germ.)

Tabule Phycologice 1—19. Nordhausen 1845—
S095 =—s(ixutz) alo Pinyc:)

Species Algarum. Lipsize 1849. — (Ktitz. Spec. Alg.)
B. A. de. Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans
Vertebres: iid 27 omen ar Paris) 1836). «(cam
Hist. Anim.)

Liste des Algues Marines de Cherbourg. — Méeé-
moires de la Societe impeériale des Sciences naturelles
de Cherbourg. Tome 10. 1864. — (Le Jol. List.
Alg. Cherb.)

Algues marines de Cherbourg. — (Le Jol. Alg.
mar. Cherb.)

SyStemianmatuirce dy Oe slolmice: 1758) —— (re:
Syst. Nat.)

Forsog til en Islandsk Naturhistorie. Kjobenhavn
1786. — (Mohr, Isl. Naturh.)

Notes on Lithothamnion met with in deep cuttings
at the mouth of the River Liffey. — Proceedings

Philippi.

Reinke, J.

Rosanoff, 8.

164

of the Royal Irish Academy. 1893. — (O'Reilly,
Notes.)

Beweis, dass die Nulliporen Pflanzen sind. —
Wiegmann. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. Jahrg. 3,
Band 1. Berlin 1837. — (Phil. in Wiegm. Arch.)
Algenflora des westlichen Ostsee deutschen Antheils.
— VL Bericht der Kommission zur Untersuchung
der deutschen Meere in Kiel. 1889. — (Reinke,
Algenfl.)

Recherches anatomiques sur les Mélobésiées. —
Memoires de la Société impériale des Sciences
naturelles de Cherbourg. Tome 12. Cherbourg
1866. — (Rosan. Meélob.)

Rosenvinge, L. K. Grénlands Havalger. — Meddelelsen om Gr6n-
land. Ill. Kjobenhavn 1893. — (Rosenv. GrGnl.
Havalg.)

Solms-Laubach,

Graf zu. Die Corallinenalgen des Golfes yon
Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte.
— Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel und
der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte herausgegeben
der zoologischen Station zu Neapel. Leipzig 1881.
— (Solms-Laub. Coral.)

Stromfelt, H. F.G. Om Algvegetationen vid Islands kuster. Aka-

Unger, F.

Waters, A. W.

Wittrup, M. L.

demisk afhandling. — Gd6teborgs k. Vetenskaps-
och Vitterhets-Samhalles Handlingar. S. 2, H. 21.
1886. — (Strémf. Algveg. Isl.)

Beitrage zur naheren Kenntniss des Leithakalkes
namentlich der vegetabilischen Einschltisse und der
Bildungsgeschichte desselben. — Denkschriften der
kaiserlichen. Akademie der Wissenschaften. Band
14. Wien 1858. — (Unger Leithakalk.)

Notes on fossil Lithothamnia (so-called Nullipore).
— Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical So-
ciety of Manchester. Ser. 3. Vol. 5. London 1876.
(Waters, Notes.)

Catalogus librorum atque rerum naturalium et

165

artificialium sub auspiciis Serenissimi principis regii
fratris Friderici cura et opera Societatis reg. Scien-
tiar. Norvegice collectorum in publicum Patriz
usum. Niderosie 1779. — (Wittrup, Catal.)

Zittel, Karl A. Handbuch der Palzontologie. II Abtheil. Paleeo-
phytologie. Miinchen und Leipzig 1890. — (Zittel,
Palzeontol.)

Ridgway, Robert. A Nomenclature of colors for naturalists, and
compendium of useful knowledge for ornithologists.
Boston. 1886.

Saccardo, P. A. Chromotaxia seu nomenclator colorum polyglottus
additis speciminibus coloratis ad usum botanicorum
et zoologorum. Patavii 1891.

138

166

Explanation of the Plates.

The figures are reduced to about one half the diameter, pl. 15—20, however,
a little less, and the others partly a little more, especially pl. 2, partly a little less,
especially pl. 8, except on pl. 22, where the figures 8 and 11 are magnified about

five times and the other ones of natural size.

Riese

L. glaciale f. torosa.

Fig. 1—3. Habhit-figure of two smaller specimens from Kvalsund
and a larger from Kistrand in West-Finmarken.

Py

L. breviaxe et L. glaciale.

Fig. 1. Habit-figure of an older specimen of L. breviaxe.
2. A specimen of the same species anastomosed with a form
of L. glaciale, the latter most nearly connected with

”

the typical form.

Pl. 3.
L. fruticulosum f. typica.

Fig. 1—6. Older and younger specimens of the plant from Tromso:
and Beian. In fig. 6 some of the branches are de-
nudated and afterwards partly grown out into disc-
like expansions, or new branches in development.

Riz:

L. fruticulosum f{. typiea.

Fig. 1—2. Old specimens with most of the upper branches de-
nudated, the rest afterwards partly anastomosing,

167

forming crust-like expansions, partly here and there
new branches in development.

L. fruticulosum f. glomerata.

Fig. 3. Habit-figure of an older and typical specimen of the form.

Piva.

_ L. fruticulosum f. fastegzata.

Fig. 1. Habit-figure of a specimen nearly encompassing a stone.

2, 5, 6. Specimens freely developed on the bottom.

3. Tvo specimens freely developed on the bottom but ana-
stomosed.

4, A snecimen apparently in the act of loosening itself from
the stone, to which it appears to have been more clo-
sely fastened.

7. A specimen somewhat approaching f. typzca.

PEG!

L. fruticulosum f. corymbiformis.

Fig. 1. Habit-figure of an older specimen of the plant partly
being hollow. .
A specimen with most of the upper branches denudated.

to

» 2 An old specimen forming transition to f. typica, however,
most closely related to the present form. The branches
are much denudated, the plant rather hollowed especi-
ally by boring-muscles, and the cavity later occupied
by other animals, as Mytilus and Pecten, the shells of
which are partly projecting.

Pel:

L. fruticulosum f. flexuosa.

Fig. 1. A smaller but fully developed specimen, larger but other-
wise closely coinciding with two specimens from Hauck’s
herbarium of his L. fasciculatum.

Fig.

bo

bo

168

A larger and older specimen of the plant.
An older specimen forming transition to f. typrca, with
the upper branches partly denudated. |

PleG:

L. fruticulosum f. flexuosa.

An old specimen most nearly related to this form, with
an apparently coarse hypothallus, which, however, in
fact being caused thereby, that it is much infested with
L. flavescens.

A specimen nearly related and probably referrible to f.
flexuosa, but on the other hand showing close affinity
to certain forms of L. tophiforme, or, perhaps, being a
hybrid between these two species.

ledk eh

L. formcatum f. robusta.

An older specimen, hollow, but not yet opened itself in
the lower part.

A younger specimen apparently freely developed on the
bottom, and seems to have been branched from the
centre, but here already a small cavity formed.

A younger specimen nearly covering the one half of a
muscle (Mytilus modiolus). The other and lower half
of the shell not visible in the figure is partly covered
with L. delapswm, and both species grow over an earlier |
founded individual of L. Stromfeltu.

A specimen with the apex of the branches truncate in the
part turning upwards, or here and there nearly disc-
shaped.

Pleo
LL. dimorphum.

The upwards turned part of a specimen with the ends

169
of the branches truncate or disc-shaped, occasionally
somewhat rubbed.. In the lower part the branches are
obtuse or truncate.

Fig. 2. The downwards turned part of a similar specimen, but
the ends of the branches most commonly obtuse.

3. The downwards turned part of a specimen that has been
much attacked by animals, with the branches rather
anastomosed and the ends obtuse, occasionally rounded,
and towards the sides truncate. The part that has
turned upwards is quite hollowed by boring-muscles,
leaving a peripherical portion about 1—2 cm. in thick-
ness, and rather rubbed by the influence of rapid tides.

4. The corresponding part of a specimen with the tip of the
branches errywhere obtuse or truncate.

5. The upper part of a specimen with the apex of most of
the branches forming disc-shaped and somewhat rubbed
expansions. The lower part is hollowed, much rubbed,
and the branches of the peripherical portion rather de-
nudated, often only the half or less of a branch left in
a longitudinal direction of the axis, but here and there
new local formations in development.

» ©. The lower part of a specimen, with wart-like processes

developed from the truncate or somewhat denudated
apex of some of the branches.

Jedley 10

L. deluscens {. typica.

Habit-figure of an older and larger but fragmentary specimen,
the longest diameter about 32 cm., nearly cup-sbaped and rubbed
in the lower part.

Jia,
L. deluscens f. typica.

Fig. 1. Habit-figure of a nearly spherical, younger and somewhat
hollowed specimen, showing the part that has turned

ee
GQ

+7]

i)

wb

seks

9

par

3,

170

towards the bottom, with most of the branches in this
part slightly attenuating and the ends rounded or obtuse,
however, towards the sides partly with obtuse and
partly even truncate ends. In the part that has turned
upwards, and not visible in the figure, the branches are
coarser, denser and fully according with those of the
specimen represented on pl. l1.

A nearly whorl-shaped specimen about 23 cm. in diameter,
showing the part that has turned upwards, with the
apex of the branches frequently obtuse, here and there
bearing wart-like processes. |

Pies:

L. deliscens f. grandifrons.

The upwards turned part of a fragmentary specimen. In
the downwards turned part it is partly rubbed partly
with new branches in development, and the edges of
the frond are bent a little inwards.

Fragment of another specimen.

A specimen showing the part that has turned towards the
bottom, with the small bundles of branches often rather
depressed, or confluent, forming small expansions, from
which small and wart-like processes are developed. It
is rather rubbed and denudated in the part that has
turned upwards, with somewhat coarser branches.

Pl. 14.

L. delapsum f. abbreviata.

Habit-figure of the upwards turned part of a cup-shaped
specimen; in the lower part with the edges of the frond
bent inwards and together with new developed branches
somewhat replenished the concavity.

A younger specimen nearly encompassing a stone.

A specimen in the act of loosening itself from the enclosed
object, a stone. A part of the peripherical portion of
the frond is removed.

171

L. delapsum f. conglutinata.

za
Q

ig. 4. Habit-figure of an older specimen of the form.

Pie lo:

L. apiculatum f. typica.

Fig. 1—4. Habit-figures of 4 specimens of the plant.

L. apiculatum f. parvicocca.

Fig. 5—8. Habit-figures of 4+ specimens of the plant.

L. apiculatum f. connata.

Fig. 9—13. Habit-figures of 5 specimens of the plant, two of
which freely devgloped on the bottom, the others
fastened to stones.

L. apiculatum f. patula.

Fig. 14—19. Habit-figures of 6 specimens of the plant.

L. gracilescens.

Fig. 20—27. Habit-figures of 8 specimens of the plant.

PivsiG:

L. coralloides f. norvegica.

Fig. 1—11. Habit-figures of 11 specimens of the plant from dif-
ferent places in the Trondhjem Fjord.

LL. coralloides f. saxatilis.
Fis. 12—23. Habit-figures of 12 specimens from Skorpen and the
Trondhjem Fjord.
L. coralloides f. australis.

Fig. 24—31. Habit-figures of 8 specimens of the plant; fig. 24—25
from Haugesund; fig. 26 from Storfosen; fig. 27

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

38—42.

43—S0.

l=).
A),

OT.

2
—30 from Britain (Cumbrae); and fig. 31 from:
France (Morlaix).

L. coralloides f. flabelligera.

Habit-figures of 6 specimens from France, gathered
at Morlaix.

L. coralloides f. subsimplex.

Habit-figures of 5 specimens from Britain (Cumbrae).

L. divergens.

Habit-figures of 8 specimens of the plant.

Plan
L. flabellatum £. Granii.

Habit-figures of younger specimens or the plant.

Older individuals in the act of loosening themselves.
from the substratum

Older individuals loosened from the substratum.

L. colliculosum f, densa.

ig. 8—10. Habit-figures of 3 specimens from Skorpen near Tromso.

L. collaculosum f. laxa.

. 11. An American specimen of the form (Collins’ coll. D.).

L. colliculosum f. rosea.

Norwegian specimens of the plant.

14. An American specimen (Collins coll. F.).

WZ NS
S16;

5 WE H9)
ice 0— ie

British specimens, gathered at Berwick.

L. polymorphum §. tuberculata.

Habit-figures.

L. polymorphum f. vatida.

Habit-figures.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Wis

L. polymorphum f. papillata.

. 22—23. Habit-figures.

Pl. 18.

L. varians f. verrucosa.

1—5. Hiabit-figures of the form.

L. varians f. irregularis.

6—9. Habit-figures.

LL. incrustans {. depressa.

10—11. MHabit-figure of a French specimen (fig. 10) and a
Norwegian (fig. 11).

L. merustans {. Harveyi.

ig. 12—15. Habit-figures of British specimens of the plant.

lly J)

L. compactum.

. 1—4. Habit-figures of two Norwegian specimens (1—2), a

Spitzbergian (3) and an American specimen (4).

L. testacewm.

. 9-9. Habit-figures of fragments of a crust.

L. ocellatum.

. 10. A fragment of the lower branch-system of L. frutecu-

losum f. flecuosa or perhaps L. tophiforme infested
with this species.

LL. uneinatum.

11. Habit-figure of a fragmentary specimen.
12—14. Fragments of the same specimen.

174

L. coalescens.

ig. 15—20. Habit-figures of the plant.

L. levigatun.

ig. 21—23. Habit-figure of a younger Norwegian specimen (fig.

22) and fragments of two Helgolandian.

LL. syuamulosum.

. 24—26. Habit-figures of the plant.

P20:
LL. congregatum.

ig. 1—3. Habit-figures of the part of the plant that has turned
upwards.
4. A specimen seen from below, with the lower part of the
branch-systems denudated.
A similar specimen with new local formations partly cove-
ring the rubbing parts of the denudated branches,

Oo

and new branches here and there in development.
6. Asimilar specimen with numerous new-developed branches.

Pie 2

L. nodulosum.

ig. 1—6. Habit-figures of the plant; fig.4 an old specimen with

the ultimate branches somewhat denudated.

L. tophiforme f. typica.

ig. 7, 10. Habit-figures of the form.

L. tophiforme f. squarrosa.

ig. 8—9. Habit-figures.

e9
Q

Rlee22:
L. flabellatum f§. Grani.

. l. Habit-figure of a younger individual.

175
L. imvestiens.

2. A young specimen fastened to L. tophiforme f. squarrosa.

3. Part of a free peripherical portion of an older specimen
seen from above.

4. The same portion seen from below.

5. An older specimen fastened to L. fruteculosum.

LI. evanescens.

ig. 6—7. Habit-figure of an American specimen (6) and a Nor-

wegian (7).
8. Conceptacles of sporangia seen from above.

L. scabriusculum.

ig. 9. Habit-figure of the plant.

L. orbiculatwm.

ig. 10. Habit-figures of younger and older, sporangia-bearing

ars

specimens fastened to a stone.
11. Apart of the crust with two conceptacles of sporangia.

L. Strimfelia £. macrospora.

—
bo

Habit-figure of a specimen with not fully developed con-
ceptacles of sporangia and a couple of young con-
ceptacles of cystocarps. The nature of the surface is
not quite correctly reproduced by the lithographer.

Phe23:

Fossil Lithothamma.

. 1—15. Specimens from Bod6 (1—9) and from Garten at the
mouth of the Trondhjem Fjord (10—15), probably
at least partly referrible to L. fruticulosum.

176

Register.

The synonyms as well as species considered not referrible to Lithothamnion are
printed in italics, and the species and genera incidentally mentioned are close-printed.

LAW NORE UOMO Anes Callow Gen) b 5 8.06 6c NG edo ob Soo ooo oI, IG, oO
Coralhum pumiliny Spete., secre aie ec. cael Sana ee eee 119:
Ewlithothammion sv Oslo ir atedteuecctire elem me i eid ise eeunen saeceigley tei maa Seen Lara 12
Biviatiidee OSI. 2. cis van ehiee ner be sate os ee ae a ee a 114
Inmates POSH ia ice csuuinet che ealichiany sMlermgmenebiign ty esr Vee are eu cl ake te a oe EE ORES 2;
Mithophyliumy (Phils) OSI jes sen SA oy haa tein cuca) OE AI or ee Oa 150
UAGTUSEANS Eile ss Se vais Sete cy Reve Re tease enn a ate ae etapa eee 94
TROVE: OSM EN ROU CHE IDN TS Eat Nal coun ace BASH. aoa AR A a 146
Pee VE: SteO mah ape Re ee ee re en ee a a 146
TSCNORINGNAT HOSTER PAWN CERES Salsa aa ni Mucibice a) eh AU. ae a ea a ea me 145, 151
fPideeve Tosh: ay oa ye ied ae Biase renee oe al 2c tei a a 145
‘Lenor manda Goby) ese Pel SEA Cee Va EN eS eee 145
Tenonrmande: Rosams3 3202 ce Gai secie ey es eet MOU ae SO Noah nea 150:
BOWMAN: FE OST) OMe sors, ceruata eo coins eau eekeuio, SRE bas Dele Con rn eC a ae eS 129
Lithothammnion! Phrilic eae, eel earn ie ace tae BA NRCC 2 3 Lees Ae eh ge ea 12
@lGtcorrce Wo ellams, ses hy yeas Noe hese eet Sista ih AE Fe 119
apiculatum -ROs|) oy mavps ins ecu cus pean eis nee) U Conse (aa a a eae 54
frconnatarRoshy cy Quis ele ee eatery a tian belek ener ea 54

fi parvicocca MMOS hy ici eituceuseiies ils eaubeubenuauen Cun ieSe it hy ca eee 54

fe patulal ROS as esis. se 2 veneers be Menlo Sits cart ee a Dent alsa 54
fentypica iF OShs 3s 2 rie aie oe Mica ne Meister aes So Sa Se hcueeiaeatey a,

arcticum) (Kjellm)) ABOsl Sy ncce cee toy, eee ee cb cul ce tien ou tse ere cones sate ah aaa 130
Batterstii BOS: tuesyie i ci sie Yaa as Ge ee leaiis ther yest ou oles eesoy aay ee ee a oe 123
MOreale: Osi Eh ie. Seis tek Ee ce aes Prep orsiles Se Lee eo 12
breviaxe: Rosle ley de oc tates ya ion setae cite We eC Retdle pe tacei pnt Se ees a a 16
byssoides) (Uam:) Plath vio liarc) 2 Ohne ae Ea Carel te at 118

es 60H (0) aii a Os=) EAP Airs NaS en ANC NraU NMG nad Mla dia aig lola a.0 9 © 119
byssordés;, Unger is io. 6 2s. Bene Ses ae 59
calcaréum -Atescn. 5.503 noe ee 120

Wat. sonvegucwne ATESCH 2. 2/s, a5 oa) ome ea epee a ea 62°
caleareum Kijelliny oe as eer ales ese eA er ality Nes
ealearewm. Kleen. (3. 475,300 oh: a Gel, Cece Se 13.

iy

EeitholmamnmionncircumScriptumiStrOmiis ws) cs) nicl bepeee) ) sil, sie) om eee alte ee 132
PM GCECOLOLUTMUA ROSEN View e eels ees: cLecienieene te ey Heenansue Bec ern cae 132
f§ validum Rosenv. ...... I RSPR EAST LTT 0 AS CaN a ae eT ar 103

EOAIESCEMS ip MOS S peur trmeetertisiiar (= Moorermetlecteimicneants! sepia rellls’ so.) Suit eeiawcs exec wath te 134
ECOMIGUIOSUIIMIpOS huycweMenie Cressi saiale mance ete ctontoliee tel vom semua esa taminli yee een lean Save 19)
if, Gloss) POSES S.6 Yeocg ard auiewn Hr ucelnet aca areas Winns veliacha Nas Gian weaver yan 79
feet] essa OS) ene ars oe cenit Carats rane st MIN IR gece) oo ua pie rcemee aaice “ad igure Mapai 7d
Tease saat Mosias A. secur taarous Sacians ay sc smesicl Pega usy cheese
COMPACT PRHG) Cllimiewy ses oceans tes may teh et Osea Peccsvnls) ims eibiewar rel hee ceases aa 103
COM SHE RAL MESO Slevegmeima yey vickre) ehirein i inlealia owls) clyrons simropnenterseapiiayaat epee. wwe eee 114
COnallOiMesm Onis eh MeN te icOloda eis oh el Watlioe airs harp einemral eR rales: were 8 urcten 62
Hem S tral Sie OSI myosin seisue tert ete ytan ts rel wate ete a HU Oakes Siw ames t sensors 62
ie, Meloclitveyereay ROR eS Sue oposc bec oue ola lOnane Sasa at ease Oh opus cia, sleet 62
fen OieventCau CATESCHS) IE OSleestsscxeu an cise to ioeey, toekesnl eimouenedy st ieushcst cin series 62
eS AISW MOS Men curseectisnue acre tenre tau eis a sevava ke aewan i yttace sea Moen eta 62
feMSUbSimapleXa DAtts rea. eteiverie oe net awedysinue eat ho ey iaylicya si orsah ant inc iss ouput 62
CEASSUMIUR (lel Oyiel) nls uaa ates fore si suisilsseeiico nse muha a! Coiba teiopre ieansen ieateille 151
crassumbe Phiilicsen dee cacy: es arse se tas tate sbctnse port at rae manta taar ney era tape 31
omc apyitell Atay Slorice ate tercojice aeeeive se nieuiolne te sites etlet lou beh omic unielsarerminela te 31
ifs (BONY, INOS see ce Petals nestninos Gl aio unE Cac gaits So arer Sola ay eyo met eae: cn hela wl
Grasse UME. aa ola ote gio ee Hamat rascentek ca nie alts ae Game oitre eee naU STU TEAS 95
CRISP ALUM AUC tara ate ao erasers cman tae fepctsncy inte cea rcine, woNIItN a ae pat dude Uy MOO
CrintatMie (LEMON NGS] cate toute nes basher idler Surat te Laila aN anus tot ecuarceitanrs U5: eo
CRLUSEOLC CUDA E BELS eRe ico en ot rep gee napeie Tenis) Int etiam). nua Stes aha else sor, umes Tne t Re Reap Atl at 139
Gee laRatnMn (SOMMS: Waly.) MOSlsue-. a ak ser scare a. Pate eroding, Wal Wier sea partes 7
GEMISCENSMEOS sre sya voit clasuccisein aiverseree vedaileas a ica eestatelccasater oe ab deae MA UA at 44
fe ORAMG ROMS al OSleva tlie cise nce ekiomen oo Tel chee onmunsl tolesch etic uua aie canner 49
ihe Ta ICED RO eb iSen ten Aeicn Grau Ud ce ONCMOMO LOB NE GES Teron et many Ot cacise Gin 44
ela msmmmOS amir ae cc alia eh coc tenia eiectinde ney, atin ehcw, jolhleay ener eon cee eee 50
fend bre vitae OSI: Miva sctas tastes: shana vehua Wbespien ton cial verve weplaalee sane 50
HCOMCLULMATAR OSL. are atisitaisacialon sivas teense Feplets elfsicec)stacwiest sasitay Meron pS 50
dentatnme (Kitz) ATES Chis voi cckctoe cat omecieh itis distieen som ise lol ioe. eyteu ep eonuclicey enna ts 7
EDN ESSUMDMC titan se ee ea kee Leb Neh Ci Relnige ae oes terra hoist es aeeoney asta aS 94
GLETIAO Td MUTI D gOS leccgereg ope cic eras fete euscccomes ey eliwk eas sclaret eaten forge Aa aia. eepeclien aah stweul 40
ELE CNS = MOS racits cpse dec teiec) er asr sane: IOS Tose sesateiin eon gana Muaenia eer tech tanaiatya is 68
MUU Mapes Gh Lh Taper er smroencg roetidars | ies case reas hyacyere ha reagran em clas. we as SaeSmuenaeT car nl teams 138
EXPANS MMA (eit el OS) seven sere aieave es eevee ar ec ataneee ab ora eater nee TOO slay
EVATIESCenSH MOS rarer. ene cesta cis) aie) ame Sa A a eee Ra ees omemeteees 137
KASCLCULACUNUp ATeSCh awl eee ieee Se Gena ACR EI IAD a IS BZ, Bd; WeC
CE SCUGUL OL LLLT Tso Chilean eluate teas Sokasize cs ctt to rel cfure passe ae oh ra eee seb ulaes wited eat Tolls 32
KOSCIEULOLUTUSIALl ease yarn en erg mista aii eee er ese) males aise 19), 7)
RAS CECULAL UTR GO Ds, see cnscead. S Rei a nae aM HISESEGRED co nie A ue ea 13, 120
OCT ROTAITO: VaCN OTS eR RN eon one Cec oleh GLa o eee HaCaT Io oat ous 18
PIU CCMIOSUM TAA esate coiieic ce ue) 2) s))-) 5) 4) eis be ey esi oe aes 18
CU LEIMDILTD Vad gt ch Bae ea toho One cal cea Gato Gp. DOr: Ger 135 34543
[OGLE GHEE NAIC ah pe en occ Oa ER STOO oo ONC ERO aa SE isnt 120

LESELEMAL UM aS OLMIS IG AULD sar one fours ici deeteek ionnchae eerste ha ead pees eons ae ek ane 120

Lithothamnion flabellatum: Rosenve 9+ eeses eionel io er annie sien 70°
PatGraniiel OS ]2hats| eyes Rat as ey nue: Nolte el WR SER iet oO a 70
f Rosenvingit: Fosh: ith soa ae ee 70:

flavescens: KKjellimss aise erate ails Coton enrollee ho Meco rneone ee e 110
foccundume Kjell: 2.7 Re eee ee ey nile 2 nee eR us 109
fornicatum WoOsI 17s late foie keceuteinct etre em clitinel icon oats etree RSE nC nee 36
fe Stobusta -F OSL... teh Secs tice Balers ate ia, he al et eee 36.
iia AAYONCHY DORMS 5 sc MO 6 Blob Oo%6 6! U.c) 6 BOR AUS INU kod oO) 000°C 36
Wales ISOS Grassis eo) ato et Sern PP ee. 50:
iaqaialowl(aysoroak (IsqbieA)) INOS ho G4 GG 6 bald ols oo cleo Gc ooh oa boo nS 18
ficcorymibiformis FOS ie. cciis iets a, ie coe cs ate ene 18
f-ieunvinostray I OSI yarn tcaies sateen) dip oed: UA ae eesies neh Cie ne eens 18
fz fastiotatanMosls sie cata eu its a eRe RO Sc a ne ee 18
fi flexuosa Osler eee eto e ne Siete eh ene ann Ercan ae 18
fe @lomenatae tosis tra ttet ctw teeters sete icen sires Gok sree yas re eee aro 18
fe antermedian (jellins) OS yeueieesee een signe aisle aenO oe eae ra ane naire 18
PANAMA OS ater cants) he yarie crs Mercere to briies Geese tie pic iraa eto carne ean oes Mehta 18
feby Pied’: HOSTA Mou rence ten jos eeeebialaiey et sivey Sots ete en cote St oe SRC Reem 18
Placiale: yell ee en eo es Maina nret wales vante leiersusls Cite ets cuts ate enone Re mn 13
fs torosal POST) cee Taos ee bus cciuener salen eee crane tera eas tere eee a a 13
fentyOicay MOSIe Gaeta mene ciara ee RE ADE RMR NS Go SO 13
TU HOKCH AGH el el ene eM omen er Rei rein We olny Naa EIR CISD O TALE 6) 6 G0. © 62
PTACIESCENS MOS ee 2s a ureswiae let sani eeas ses te eaten eae wre MOST ect a Re oat ao ee 59
Hawcklin OSleys rays Open ome eects UE ee 30
incrustans: (Philby) MROST ere ar al ema kae renee eames cre ecera eS eat a a 94.
feidepressa: (Crine) cl OS1 a, sah cee se tcc nec creat od Ua eee 94
i BekAyeNal AOR Gr G6 Glusocn ba 0G ororb io Gb ooh Oao oo wo 560 G0 0 c 94
intermeduumy Kyellm. icc. cate caash tee tort Ve He clon ae eae) Tene RE 18
inVeStienSul OSls w/e RM elae ee, lees wee lone getanre he haslesdle els ent eta ine are 129
leevigatume lH Osliiy. 3 ge kecvnuw piace sce 6 Joe eecae aes, eee te anne epee ree 139
Wenormandis(Atesch:) MN osliaue: eee cm aston choses ge eee Ging 6 c 150:
f.Subleevis POS] Re ee ei a esac eal cee er ea 151
feStypica Frosh. 0a ete te a eesa nk oe 8) ahs iiee reac lee radio ne See iLBil
lichenoidess(HIl et (SOls) MOS ween: ese ienreyae tee ry amica salle mene Ts NBO, US
Joctlosum Ky elinm’ calsnispier klar serast copie) sro cemlomiauioess areabei si) oer items aati Raa aid ks 88
mamillosum. Hauck 7.0575). ene oe ee ech aren Ano mente ete 30:
nodulosum: POs). 5 ae eal ol calcslce eo elses ere teu saint Set an eee 116.
morvegrcum: (Aresch:)) ‘Kgelltaa ysis) caer seco) sy cveeiiileeenirey is areiieiet esate 63
i, @SRMOS INONGS ob o-oo 6 0 0 0 eek Oe i 68
f. globulata Kosh.) 2), \ocems Sols, eae) lenielns eileen ante eile eae 54
ocellatummhoslsegece-aieerie Cieerer an nue Hey MERTON AUC IADR GnG a O04 112
orbiculatum: Fosh. 20s. 55) Sc0 se a a 143.
papillosum Zanardi sc . oo os a a ae ee hee 92
polymorphum Atesche. loc. ic js ee enee eee ee 86, 143
polymorphum ((E.) “Areschin 5 255) cat, ease Sennen ee 86
f.papillata -Fosliy 2). 42 cack Soe ee one ae eee eee a peROM
f-<tuberculata: Fosl.o2 20. 3.0). Wahoo Seale ene en oe 86:

——— eae

179

Lithothamnion polymorphum (L.) Aresch. f. valida Fosl.............. 86
PID TOOT MODUTO GRU 2S chi BaP E ia] Se Rae ER aO Roe Ee Aurarra as. -seciitertlp 95
PIG ULUILO TPOILUT IAM ps se wes tchte enero entice taivie Notes ttresa'oe fol tose ouch tants Ueber 103
OU MORD Lib) OSl spss oetinacas sSeiel aoe tse oy taciesiani/s sal aly haem eee ranee ec S82 Si
PROLUTILO TD LUA AU CK cn enpep rene cMeateien ic Nahas evs oon oh oll'o ce aieewtel oa eltys 87, 95
OU IO EDR LNG WCe-VO: lee <n oniter kas acfatrn ok eoits arabia ater |e oa ae et ORAS Ma HOS
POLIO npn Wel. est heii «ces 2 teh SADE uadioMea watt trelae 82, 87
OUT RGT MOOHO. ISIN 5s G56 bo bg 6 0 0 lao b Big 00) 0.08) 51018 O.c Soon
[POLO ROM MME IROCB, 6 G.0) Gb 00-6050 dio a oLlb Do, oU0hO lo 60 G,6.5: 5 0% 95
[PLAT ELERETTTO NOG BS 1G eG. eSNG colo: oe PRC On trn Seow Es On elond cade ceo lo. 87
(OOTIUS BUCK ae b.6:G pla dots bb lo 16. b oxo be oeomueor oro oe B66. Bune o.o bao 32
OUI OSTENUR AIC terete sic drcn ce pretme tte tie oie) (ctielsc marcela tlabianacnlettow apts + ate gears 1g
(ROSETTE: VSM A oir Bee Bi oh oi Ol GEOL OF Diss Olan Geb oe DO ruOnted yc Able sri di geacian nt chic 79
FULDFOURLE NAO aa CREAR eines = Sc Onis Baer Thane at Konner RUE Ate are yc RELA LB nH 63
SCAMMUSCUIU TMT OS aes. pcaree steric ote reece eacake ee ce ternal me aD ren elon ah ayltagl ie 142
Somer Initia oangusa\c api cne-ocoNpesso ey oer oroscc Goal Saco ihussos o louG 127
SOR TOUTS Saale Ge eis nereoe Be DERE CMON DRDO Oh cH ater Ol Bune me tena eLb tos 119

OUCECOT NES) KGellit.)s HOSE ga oo ts nates bade muemea te Leta ene ae ones yee eee 119
EM AUUARLGCLO SOS crit toi austen pigs, einen re Nera heey ene 119
(o CIDTISO MICS Ss crgecrnboL cee bho eesn ates tpareot cieo ar Gabor ou id al acese aia 119
SOU LORI ROSENNV c's. ts we is tops a sl enteteshs es satan variate ste sbaaalan itis 1OF 120
SSEREMI NE ILM RIO SE Gantt uate ite, oo er Mente ee he Tea fc Naniowee ek MOREE 145
iemICCRO SOLA WNOS|.va ys cneweaiea sale ities failloiers Palcla a6 clo 6 G4 ig oa Ske 145
f. tenuissima Fosl. ..... She AE Ua lay ar ane Ramet Wet ae Ra Ae 145
SoM ATT Se OS Pa levee eee aac ae sta, GV Scone oe sh ad He eae een LOO
eae MULE limTs eatU OSI on cece, Jrtatse eo) co ata siteihie, satiate tin airal cabot vane eeuteaes 146, 149, 154
LOMUC UNO SEIN vnet ay fs cur oven tes dency ak ete oh ecu Hat ualle Reet tal eee Lap eh NSPS Re 145
ieSizeRGiN IRON eck aes eetonoh occa Moen one Sse pOnemer are nero lana nce: eae 107
LOM HITOMM CM WOMPEH npscrsy ieers)h a bapualteeancl tot pases seal padi rermmoyclv amici nitacae tats 119
mapalcieornisn (Kjell) mit OSlegm natch siemayhlee wares aes Ee arte inay Uae aa 119
feeclOWOSA SOS] .pchicana eit causpenreces cee e eaisiaa ae wanrs) woraveel saatastitnpuals 119
PES CMALLOSA OSI ty cwt al ianlachea tint asaisitionk lu oly 0 vayaus sated taapeorotea ete seh ous 119
PPD PLCA OS lRrerytet topics a suutem aabrauraWts: ro) teh valticry Vepvewre eg sMin eet Sten eiplews. coe laura alte 119
TLE OSTUIOL (OLY, oe OSI sate pohgeahcernten cireta ll teen <aeoe ner Seale Or Be eiren ce beet mt is 151
LOTT CLVA RULES NOS leer ytotic oyte ge mctrsluet, cave, cetacimen sins eiceMerns \iethellel ae ceenapntn 126
DGG CaN ova Bog aan Be eo ab AO. SRO Ee RE oe eee Ooms EOE 8c 19
WEsiewoes INO ats kus eso) Gi on B Een eA A DMO RANE Can oitane CB Nn eoninmn santero core ded 81
fPmIEKe PULATISE MOS: \ieirsy omrcurnm ita ctinr ren “ir ceusieulay attain circpanc antsece israel ere: 82
OVCLIMICOSA GOSIerikotvcmrener ren oi lotieinciiee stron tea iGie ce wal= sila eae dee pianoetwe are 81

Mastophora Dcsne ..... ee EL RET EAEL MOL it ABCC UP CMT GEO RE SE RU Siesta 5

CA MVGTE ERIIO TRS fe ee oto uch OT OR ONG. OT ONG: ORO LE OE bine ben ceaEey GL bcs Ououne enya csi 7
GHC ORC OUMELAGV st) these mteiirs.. tient rele se ehieite wacely siinltetvon Mace sie isi cos, a nace 120
OVO IIACRN GN eo ohh ola tol o1ds0l doo.o: SaoGblo co & Ge olae Bic 120
JOSOLEULIGIENS GN aN pane need opin a: Ral aa siacucniinl oa uay actaanae 5 Sees
ACHE TITANOUMALESE NI Nt >. oo '5 lets Tota Nous o ocen ie Cara ame Ke TRA eked ONS aes 150
LSISON TLL CIB ENG al ee er ote gs OEE akc oe IC MP Is eT RRaE NO ey 145, 151

Millepora byssoides Lam. ..... sr a ers PAImiEt Peteatoed We sins toyet au) ate meee ae :
calcanea Ell. et Solty se. 5\5-6, oe cieree te es ee eee Bro ib.
calcarea Lam. ..... FeSO eas ba a eat ae oe site
fasciculata: Waa. ino 5, Aiwa ee ce ee ay tise 0) poeta ee ee :
TPOTINAS ari y vee ae a hoe etn map rent aa ies tele Pca Re Blic, 6.00 ;
POU MOT HUA sll, “eto Sol. is sa eine sic ol ake eee eee Sire 5
polymorpha; var. divanicata Esper. 5 5. . «<1...
polymorpha vat. globosa Esper... )s 4-75 = 5 2) oii eee -
polymorpha var. tophiformis Esper ............ Been Sato. usc
OLY MOT ONG Mee aniseed ace) in), Sep Pa ee eRe aS ee ee et
polymonplea: Mo hres os acho a OS aR e asec ihe) Gee 87,

Nwihpora.calcanea, Jonnstis is) ts sacholel ais sie eae ce i eee 62,
fasciculata Johnst. es ei ke cl Naa sa ek Oe
POLYM OTPNATONNSt. say yd. eke oes ate lo a te 1S oz,
Ta ochanten: Bory 3 se 6s Be Be Be ee

NS ONGULCSH UZ at in ceig y a eons cee ale icu rs ce reece RUNS sere el (cl! cc'c,..0
BYSSOLECS KUL Z ree iceeeysaeen ASP Ooty oe ea 2. no hl ot eee
CON FULL NIS) SRUET se Fig aa, oe taco ay aa cal lapsed for TO EE RO Oe ae ee ahake aes
COT AUMOTHES, (CHI eee a on ae ee epee os Oo oe HUE cee a et

POSCUCULAEG, KUT 35 oy coe a cuca iin a see Ret La, eRe ee EOE a ae lenieereeler
TUULLCULO SONGZ Ae ah Wiou)uleaiee Sr eh eee Soy MeN anUPNUR CMTE iss chy 0 iateats
LNCLUS ANS AKU rev eee ean Aenea ores eg sec OG amen siehearee
POLY MUON DIG, cIAEZ:, ey apr sy Wurst eco iv 2h ape eee wictel ee ak oer OPA ee
ROCECMOSG IRUUZS eae end eas PE Ue Raa iri pea ne oe AT Os aig doo!
WANULLOSA WAZ Se Ae eS, Ea ie Se ee a
Tenarea Bory cave illey colebiims “ra leuiicy ebcios be Melee ea so coe chen ie en ee See
UI AULOSGSB OLY oo. 25:04 Hilal os/ca Sh atwe Sead derek seeisl By ce shee Sig Ae er

Errata.

e 7, 13th line from the top, for dendatum read dentatum.
Tn thee inks spy Nittrock read Wittrock.
oe Othe a5 » bottom, for torulosa read torosa.
IB) dl doy oe ; s » torulosa , torosa.
TS MOM a » top, for of parts read or parts.

Foslie, Lithothamnion. JEN, Il

L. glaciale f. torosa.

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

1. L. breviaxe.

L. breviane et L. glaciale f.

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

S
=
a,
=~
>
s
~~
=
S
a
>
aS
=
3
3
3
=
S
&
™

L.

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

L. fruticulosum f. typica.

L. fruticulosum f. glomerata.

s
:
s
=
=
=
=)
‘~=
=
“A
es
E
&
~~
=
a
S
La
=
a)
3
~
S
=
~~
Ni

th
j@.eh
rae

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

. fruticulosum f. corymbiformes.

a.

CLUOS

SS
™~
™~
=
=
~
=

fruticulos

iE

Lithothamnion.

Foshe,

Foslie, Lithothamnoon.

L. fruticulosum f. flexuosa.

Lithothamnion.

Foslie,

s
S
=
DH
>
i)
S
Sa
x
S
=
S
$s
=
=
aS
>
~
&
aS)
™
N

Foslie, Lithothammnon.

L. dimorphun.

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

L. dehiscens f. typica.

3
S
aS)
=
—
>
s
SO
wH
=
St)
S
a)
S
=
~~
S
Lone d
S
Nj

at aS}

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

LL. dehiscens f. grandifrons.

Foshe, Lithothamnion.

1—3. L. delapsum f. abbreviata.
4. IL, delapsum f. conglutinata.

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

0, 21

1—4. L. apiculatum f. typica. 5—8. L. apiculatum f. parvicocca.
9—13. L. apiculatum f. connata. 14—19. L. apiculatum f. patula.
20—27. LL. yracilescens.

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

49—50

ied

L. coralloides f. austrahs. 32—37

L. coralloides f. norvegica. 12—23. L. coralloides f. saxatilis.
. L. coralloides f. flabelliyera.

5

38—42. L. coralloides f. subsimplex. 43—50. L. divergens.

%
.

Cina

Bee
Rena i

Foslie, Lithothamnion.

20, 21.

1—7. L. flabellatum f. Granii. 8—10. L. colliculosum f. densa.
11. L. colliculosum f. laxa. 12—16. L. colliculosum f. rosea.
17-19. L. polymorphum f. tuberculata, 20—21. L. polymorphum f. valida.
22—23. L. polymorphum f. papillata.

Foslie, Lithothanimion,

1—5. UL. varians f. verrucosa. 6—9. L. varians f. trregularis.

10—11. L. incrustans f. depressa. 12—15. LL. incrustans f. Harvey?.

Foshe, Lithothamnion.

18— 20

L. testaceum. 10. LL. ocellatwum.

L. uncinatum. 15—20. L. coalescens. 21—23. L. levigatum.

L. squamulosum.

ve, Lithothamnion.

congregatum.

typica.

L. tophiforme f.

10.

7;

=
=
%
S
=
~
8
S
=
i
=
SS)
=
S
a
4s)
~~
‘—
—~
Ss
SN
S
as

Db

5, He.
ae
ioe

Peceac!

nodulosum.

16,

Foslie, Lithothannion.
1— 6.

i

Fosle, Lithothamnion.

M. Lyng’s lith. Anst.

1. L. flabellahun Ff Graniz. 2-5. L. investiens.,
6-8. L. evanescens. 9. I. scabriusculan.

10-11. L. orbiculatum.

12. lL. Strémfeltii f macrospora.

Chr.a.

Poske, Lithothamnion.

sul Lathothamnia. (L. fruticulosum 2?)

WIN il

9088 00903 3556